1. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials, 3 rd Edition CRAIG STANFORD JOHN S. ALLEN SUSAN C. ANTÓN

2. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 Biomedical and Forensic Anthropology

3. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Biomedical Anthropology and the Biocultural Perspective The subfield of anthropology concerned with issues of health and illness Both biological and cultural variables offer important insights into health and illness

4. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Birth, Growth, and Aging Human Childbirth – Birth canal 90% of American births are in hospitals 31.8% (2007) are Cesarean delivery In 1900 only 5% of U.S. births were in hospitals Patterns of Human Growth – Auxology: the science of growth and development Stages of Human Growth – The prenatal or gestational stage – Infancy, juvenile stage, adolescence, and adulthood

5. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Birth, Growth, and Aging (cont’d) The Secular Trend in Growth Menarche and Menopause Aging

6. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Infectious Disease and Biocultural Evolution Human Behavior and the Spread of Infectious Disease – Agricultural sedentary water – Mobility and migration Infectious diseases are those in which a biological agent or pathogen parasitizes or infects a host

7. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Infectious Disease and Biocultural Evolution (cont’d) Infectious Disease and the Evolutionary Arms Race – The immune system antigens antibodies immunoglobulins – Cultural and behavioral interventions shunning vaccination – Evolutionary adaptations sickle cell

8. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diet and Disease The Paleolithic Diet – Modern diets differ from hunter-gatherer diets Agriculture and Nutritional Deficiency – Staple foods – Pellagra – Beriberi Agriculture and Abundance: Thrifty and Nonthrifty Genotypes – Nutritional excess – Thrifty pleiotropic genotype

9. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Forensic Anthropology: Life, Death, and the Skeleton Forensic anthropologists work with clues about growth, health, disease, and adaptation that are visible in each of our skeletons These scientists are specialists in human osteology who use the theory and method of biological anthropology to answer questions about how recent humans lived and died

10. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Field Recovery and Laboratory Processing Similar to Archaeology Context is Critical Mapping, Photography, and Excavation

11. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Field Recovery and Laboratory Processing (cont’d) Detailed examination Catalog of all finds (including skeletal remains) In forensic work, catalog part of strict chain of custody Skeletal remains cleaned and laid out in anatomical position Bones inventoried and studied for clues about life and death of individual

12. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Biological Profile The biological particulars of an individual as estimated from their skeletal remains; includes estimates of sex, age at death, height, and disease status

13. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Biological Profile (cont’d) Age at Death Reported as a Range – tooth eruption patterns – tooth wear – long bone development

14. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Biological Profile (cont’d) Sex – Pelvis sciatic notch – Skull male skulls are more robust mastoid process and muscle marking of the occipital bone tend to be larger in males brow ridge is heavier on males

15. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Biological Profile (cont’d) Ancestry: Geographic conditions in which our ancestors evolved influence the anatomy of their descendants – less accurate than determining age or sex – base ancestry assessments on comparisons with skeletal populations of known ancestry

16. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Biological Profile (cont’d) Height and Weight – Height (Stature): based on summing the heights of all the bones in the skeleton that contribute to overall height (Fully Method) – Weight: difficult; formulas exist for predicting the approximate weight of an individual from his or her weight-bearing joints

17. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Biological Profile (cont’d) Premortem Injury and Disease Premortem fractures can be key evidence of lifeways

18. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Biological Profile (cont’d) Perimortem and Postmortem Trauma Perimortem trauma is the physical evidence of activity that happened slightly before, during, or slightly after the time of death. We can differentiate it from premortem injury because in perimortem trauma, no healing is evident.

19. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Identification and Forensic Anthropology Major Goal of Forensic Anthropology Establish positive identity of a victim Time Since Death Body temperature State and rate of decomposition due to environmental conditions

20. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Identification and Forensic Anthropology (cont’d) Antemortem Records Facial Reconstruction and Positive IDs develop biological profile define time frame of event comparison of antemortem records such as dental records, surgical implants, or X-ray matches part art/part science (facial reconstruction) – systematic study of the relationship between skin thickness and bone features

21. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Applications of Forensic Anthropology Mass Fatalities – World Trade Center, September 11, 2001 – Oklahoma City bombing – Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, LA American Academy of Forensic Sciences

22. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Applications of Forensic Anthropology (cont’d) Mass Fatalities (cont’d) – In all cases, forensic anthropologists called to help with identification of remains; destruction of skeletal material in many cases – United States Government established Disaster Mortuary Teams (DMORT) that include pathologists, forensic anthropologists, and forensic odontologists

23. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Applications of Forensic Anthropology (cont’d) War Dead – Central Identification Laboratory (CIL) in Hawaii formed during WWII skeletal remains of U.S. soldiers and civilians from wars have been recovered and identified by this group of anthropologists – CIL now part of the Joint Prisoner of War/Missing in Action Accounting Command (JPAC)

24. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Applications of Forensic Anthropology (cont’d) War Crimes and Genocide – Teams composed of forensic anthropologists, archaeologists, pathologists, evidence technicians, radiologists, odontologists, autopsy technicians, and computer scientists work together to discover, process, and recover remains from mass graves – Ultimate goals of identification, cause of death, and time of death all used for criminal proceedings