1. Technological and Environmental transformations (8000-600 B.C.E.)
Unit 1
Technological and Environmental transformations
( B.C.E.)

2. Big geography and the peopling of the earth
Chapter 1

3. What is B.C.E. and C.E.? B.C.E. and C.E. replaced B.C. and A.D.
B.C. was Before Christ and is now B.C.E or Before Common Era
A.D. was Anno Domini which is Year of Our Lord in Latin. That has now been changed to C.E. which is Common Era.

4. Paleolithic Age (2.5 million years ago until 10,000 BCE)
Humans traveled in small hunting-gathering groups
Migrated from origins in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas
Mobile and adaptive to various climactic and geographical settings
Use of fire: to aid in hunting, protection against predators, and adapt to cold environments
Mostly hunter-gatherers; some groups exchanged people, ideas, food, and goods
CULTURAL DIFFUSION!!!!!!!!!!

5. Hominids
Earliest Humans

6. 5 Stages of Hominids – Pre-History
Australopithecus – “southern ape”
“Lucy” (Johansen) Great Rift Valley – Ethiopia
diggers; lacked language, short, furry, omnivores
Homo Habilis – “handy man”
Louis and Mary Leakey – Kenya
Used stone tools; lacked complex language
Homo Erectus – “upright man” - bipedal
Not only in Africa but Asia and Europe
used complex tools and fire; first spoken language
Homo Sapiens – “wise man”
Neanderthal Man
Lived all over the world, religious rituals, advanced spoken language, cave painting, sculpting, identified by clans
Homo Sapiens Sapiens – “wise, wise man” – US!

7. The Journey of Mankind – The Peopling of the World

9. Paleolithic
Old Stone Age

10. Hunters & Gatherers

11. Stories from the Stone Age

12. Early Hominid Finds
Notice where the homo sapiens were found.

13. Answer Question – Turn Into Tray
Based on your reading AND discussion/lecture:
 What did the human species accomplish during the Paleolithic Age and what is the evidence of these accomplishments?  
What were the advantages and disadvantages of the species?  

14. The Neolithic revolution and the early agricultural societies
Chapter 2

15. Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
9,000 B.C.E.

16. The Neolithic Revolution and the Birth of Civilization
Homo sapiens emerged in Africa 250,000 years ago
100,000 years ago they began to migrate

17. Neolithic Revolution
Neolithic Revolution began after the last Ice Age (10,000 BCE)
Humans began settling and adapting to their environments
Some remained hunter-gatherers
Switch to agriculture and settling in an area created a more reliable food supply (but not diverse)
Begin using domesticated animals for food and for labor
Settlements lead to population increase
Food surplus led to specialization of labor (division of labor)

18. Answer Question – Turn Into Tray
Based on your reading AND discussion/lecture:
What technological changes occurred during the Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages?

19. Surplus
Irrigation Food Surplus Civilization

20. The development and interactions of early agricultural, pastoral, and urban societies
Chapter 3

21. City-State
Sumer B.C.

22. Ziggurat

23. Initial Civilization Centers

24. Fertile Crescent
Tigris & Euphrates Rivers

25. Nile River

26. Eight Components of Civilization: 1. Cities
Agriculture allowed for a surplus (which was difficult to move)
River valleys: agriculture required a stable source of water

27. 2. Government
Issues laws, collects taxes, organizes defense, monitors/rations food supply
Bureaucracy – managing government through departments of officials
Protecting the surplus was of the utmost importance

28. Code of Hammurabi
1790 B.C.

29. 3. Religion People believed in higher beings Polytheistic – many gods
People wanted to gain favor with the gods

30. Wisdom Literature
Hymns and prayers to gods, proverbs, accounts of battles

31. Monotheistic
One God

32. Prophet

33. Israelites
Covenant with God

34. Abraham:
Root of Judaism, Christianity and Islam

35. 4. Writing Crucial skill for early civilizations
Pictograms – simple drawings to show words
Scribes – as writing became complex these trained experts learned to read and write

36. Cuneiform
First Written Language

37. Hieroglyphics

38. Rosetta Stone
Advanced the modern understanding of hieroglyphic writing

39. 5. Social Classes
People were ranked according to their jobs/occupations
Priests and nobles were at the top level of society
Next, came merchants, artisans, peasant farmers, and finally…..slaves.

40. 6. Public Works Monumental architecture – temples, palaces
Irrigation systems, roads and bridges
Defensive walls

41. 7. Job Specialization Specialization brought expertise
Artisans – skilled craft workers who made pottery or woven goods

42. Phoenician Sea Traders
Also invented the Alphabet – “phoenemes”

43. 8. Art and Architecture
Expressed the beliefs and values of people who created them
Temples and palaces reassured people of the strength and power of their government and religion

44. Defensive Walls

45. Assyria
1100 B.C.

46. Hittites
Invaders; learned to extract iron from ore
1400 B.C.

47. Persian Empire
522 to 486 B.C.

48. Answer Question – Turn Into Tray
Based on your reading AND discussion/lecture:
 Where were the first civilizations and what were their names?  
What evidences of civilization did they have?

49. HOMEWORK!!! Developing a Thesis
Compare and contrast the social and economic characteristics of agriculturally based societies with hunter-gatherer societies.