1. Introduction to Character Encodings, Java and You

2. Private and Confidential 2 Agenda Defining the problem – Where webMethods products encounter character set problems. – What the symptoms look like. Understand core concepts – What is a character set? What’s an encoding? – What is Unicode, really? Code Examples to avoid problems

3. Private and Confidential 3 Confusion Reigns Generally, the most confusing aspect of internationalization. 1. Many, many standards to choose from. 2. Arcane terminology 3. American programmers rarely (seem) to encounter it head-on. – We’re presenting this because many of our products are encountering this problem now.

4. Private and Confidential 4 Problem Domain webMethods products interface with: – non-Java systems (for example, in the adapters) – non-Java environments (file systems, databases, libraries, email, ftp, http, etc.).

5. Private and Confidential 5 Java’s Text Representation Java provides a convenient text processing architecture centered on the Java String object. – A Java String is basically an array of Java Character Objects.

6. Private and Confidential 6 Java Characters Each Java Character object represents a Unicode character. – (Currently) a 16-bit unsigned integer value between 0 and 65,535. – Character class provides access to character properties. UPPER, lower, and Titlecase mapping Comparison Directionality Compatibility C-TYPE values such as ‘alpha-ness’, ‘digit-ness’, ‘alphanumeric- ness’

7. Private and Confidential 7 Non-Java Text Non-Java files, applications, filesystems, database, et.al. typically do not use Unicode. Java sees them as an array of bytes ( byte[] ).

8. Private and Confidential 8 Three Problems ? Bad Conversion No glyph ƒ Ã ƒ \ǂ Ùƒ Ã ƒ \ǂ Ù Random-seeming trash characters

9. Private and Confidential 9 Bad Conversion Target character set doesn’t have this character in it. Java replaces each character with a “?” Input String: 日本語 Output String: ??? Typically: – Using the default encoding when we meant to specify one. – Writing on a device (such as System.out) whose legacy encoding doesn’t support the characters.

10. Private and Confidential 10 “No Glyph” Java knows what the character is and is handling it properly, but doesn’t have a picture of it to show you (in the current Font selected). Input String: 日本語 Output String: Typically: – Nothing is wrong, just using the wrong Font.

11. Private and Confidential 11 Random Trash A byte[] was converted using the wrong character encoding. Bytes were mapped to the wrong characters. Input String: 日本語 Output String: “ú–{Œê Typically: – Using the wrong encoding, the underlying bytes are mapped to different, random-seeming characters.

12. Private and Confidential 12 Examples Same byte sequences, different results: Shift JIS byte[] = 0xE0, 0x41, 0x83, 0x70 = “ 漓パ ” Latin-1 byte[] = 0xE0, 0x41, 0x83, 0x70 = “àAƒp” Java String = 0xE0, 0x41, 0x83, 0x70 = “  荰 ” Java String = “ 漓パ ” = U+6F13 U+30D1

13. Character Set Terminology

14. Private and Confidential 14 What is a Character? A character is a single, atomic unit of text. The definition has a different meaning according to the writing system and context.

15. Private and Confidential 15 Abstract characters Some abstract characters include: A Roman Letter Capital A ` Combining Accent Grave に Hiragana character “ni” 語 CJK Ideograph ي Arabic letter 앚 Hangul syllable Ａ Fullwidth compatibility letter A

16. Private and Confidential 16 What is a Character Set? A character set is a “set”--- a collection of characters, usually organized in some fashion. You’re probably most familiar with ASCII: – 0x41 ‘A’ – 0x42 ‘B’ – Etc.

17. Private and Confidential 17 What is a Character Encoding? Character set: a collection of characters, basically, a bucket. Character encoding: the specific ones and zeroes assigned to a character set. Character Set: ‘A’ == 0x41 Character Encoding: ‘A’ == 0x41

18. Private and Confidential 18 Eight Bit Encodings 8-bit encodings allow for 256 characters. 128 ASCII 32 ‘C1’ controls 96 extended

19. Private and Confidential 19 Latin-1 The standard for Western Europe is generally ISO-8859-1 AKA “Latin-1” Used by UNIX systems and the Web. Extended version used by Microsoft for Windows.

20. Private and Confidential 20 Let a Thousand Encodings Bloom… Each language has it’s own character set… – Everywhere: ASCII* – Western European (like German or French): Latin-1 – Eastern European (like Polish or Slovak): Latin-2 – Simplified Chinese: GB2312

21. Private and Confidential 21 Actually, many for each language…

22. Private and Confidential 22 Other Writing Systems Writing systems vary around the world (in order of increasing complexity, more or less): – Latin-based alphabets (ABCDEFG…) English – Cyrillic and Greek-based alphabets ( АБВГДЕЖЩ...) Russian – Ideographic writing systems have thousands of characters ( 一丁勺両亀困... ) Japanese – Bi-directional (RTL) languages go right to left (... זוהדגבא ) Hebrew – Complex scripts (everything else): ( ऋऌऍऎ )Devanagari

23. Private and Confidential 23 Expanded Character Sets Most languages have alphabetic or phonetic writing systems: – Russian, Greek, Slavic, (many) Native American, Bahasa, Hebrew, Arabic, Semitic, etc.: alphabetic – Indian (subcontinent), Thai, Japanese kana, Korean: phonetic writing systems – 8 bits is enough for all of the above (with some tricks) Some languages use scripts based on Chinese ideographic writing (“Han” or “Hanja”): – Chinese – Korean – Vietnamese (traditional) – Japanese Kanji

24. Private and Confidential 24 “Double-Byte” 8-bit character encodings use eight bits per character. – 2 8 = 255 characters “Double-byte” character sets must be 2 bytes per character ? – 2 16 = 65,535 characters Should actually be called “multi-byte” (MBCS). – Each character can be ONE, TWO, THREE and sometimes FOUR bytes in length. – MAY involve shift states.

25. Private and Confidential 25 Multibyte Encodings A typical Japanese Character Set: JIS X 208 ( 漢字) Character Encodings of JIS X 208: Shift-JIS (CP932):0x8A 0xBF 0x8E 0x9A EUC-JP:0xB4 0xC1 0xBB 0xFA ISO 2022-JP:0x1B, 0x24, 0x42, 0x34 0x41 0x3B 0x7A 0x1B 0x28 0x4A Non-Legacy: UTF-16:(0x6F22 0x5B57)

26. Private and Confidential 26 An MBCS Example: Shift-JIS Character set used by DOS, Windows, Macs, and a few UNIX-like systems for Japanese. – Code Page 932 – JIS X 208:1997

27. Private and Confidential 27 Shift-JIS In order to reach more characters, double byte values start with a limited range of “lead bytes” These can be followed by any character value > 0x40 (“trail byte”)

28. Private and Confidential 28 Shift-JIS Each “lead byte” provides a “window” onto additional characters.

29. Private and Confidential 29 Shift-JIS Problems: – Lead byte values are also valid as trail bytes. – Common special characters (“\”!!) are valid trail bytes.

30. Private and Confidential 30 Han CJK scripts require up to 100,000 unique characters for complete representation. – Four major variants: Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Japanese Kanji Korean (non-Hangul)

31. Private and Confidential 31 “Kanji” Sometimes you hear Japanese called “kanji” – Kanji is actually one of four writing systems used in Japan. – Kanji should be avoided as a generic term for DBCS. Kanji (“Han” or Chinese writing): 日本語 Hiragana (phonetic for Japanese words): にほんご Katakana (phonetic for “foreign” words): ニホンゴ Romanji (“Roman script”): nihongo

32. Private and Confidential 32 Chinese Upper two are Traditional. Lower character is the Simplified variant.

33. Private and Confidential 33 Hangul Korean Hangul is a syllabic phonetic system, which has thousands of combinations. – Hangul is not related to Han ideographic writing.

34. Private and Confidential 34 Code Page Hell With hundreds of encodings and character sets to choose from, making internationalized code work in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s was “hellish”. Internationalization folks referred to this as “code page hell”

35. Unicode and Java To the Rescue

36. Private and Confidential 36 Unicode (ISO 10646-2)  Unicode is a character set that supports all of the world’s languages and writing systems.*  Originally designed as a “wide character set”--every character was represented by 16-bits. This allowed for 65,535 potential characters.  Extended to allow 1.1 million characters.  Unicode is maintained by an industry consortium. ISO 10646-2 is maintained by WG2. The two are exactly identical.

37. Private and Confidential 37 It’s a character set? Unicode is a character set. It has these encodings: – UTF-32. (BE/LE) A 32-bit encoding. All characters 32 bits. – UTF-16. (BE/LE) A 16-bit encoding. All characters are 16-bits. Characters above 0xFFFF (the “Basic Multilingual Plane”) require two special “surrogate” characters. – UTF-8. An 8-bit variable width encoding. Characters are 1, 2, 3 or 4 bytes long. Always non-endian. ASCII == ASCII All other characters have a special bit pattern

38. Private and Confidential 38 UTF-8 Bit Pattern ASCII == ASCII – 0x41 == ‘A’ All other characters are multibyte. – 110xxxxx == two bytes – 1110xxxx == three bytes – 11110xxx == four bytes – 10xxxxxx == trail byte – U+00C0 == À == 0xC3 0x80 (11000011 10000000)

39. Private and Confidential 39 Convenience Method for UTF8 Almost True: readUTF and writeUTF allow direct access to UTF-8 DataInput/DataOutputStreams. – This is not really UTF-8, but a Sun specialized version. – Use InputStreamReader/OutputStreamWriter to do proper conversions.

40. Private and Confidential 40 Java Uses Unicode Every character in every Java String object is encoded as UTF-16 Unicode. – Every string is converted from a legacy encoding, either by the compiler or by the String class. – This is the reason for native2ascii and –encoding switches. Once you have a String object, everything is Unicode UTF-16.

41. Private and Confidential 41 “Special” encodings There are two encodings that the system treats as special: – file.encoding – ISO-8859-1 All basic conversion functions use your system default encoding. Most servlet conversion functions use ISO-8859-1 as the default.

42. Private and Confidential 42 Two File Encodings Windows systems generally have two different file encodings: – “ANSI” encoding is the Windows default code page for GUI applications. – “OEM” encoding is the code page used by the ‘cmd’ or ‘command’ interpreter shells.

43. Private and Confidential 43 Stream Readers and Writers InputStreamReader and OutputStreamWriter classes perform controlled conversion between byte[] and String. – Always pass the encoding as a variable. – Use the IANA preferred name for the encoding, if possible (see ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/)ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/ – Prefer UTF8 for on-the-wire transport.

44. Private and Confidential 44 Code Sample // use with any type of InputStream class InputStream is = new FileInputStream(file); InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is, encoding); // use Buffered Reader for efficiency BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr); StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(); int chr; while ((chr = br.read() > -1) { sb.append(chr); } * Note: Try blocks eliminated for clarity.

45. Private and Confidential 45 OutputStreamWriter Code Sample // use with any type of OutputStream class OutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream(file); OutputStreamWriter osw = new OutputStreamWriter((OutputStream)os, encoding); osw.write(myString, 0, myString.length()); osw.flush(); * Note: Try blocks eliminated for clarity.

46. Private and Confidential 46 Character Class Provides access to Unicode character properties. – UnicodeBlock inside class – Character getType (defined types) – isDigit – isLetter – isLetterOrDigit – isUpperCase/isLowerCase/isTitleCase – toUpperCase/toLowerCase/toTitleCase – isSpace/isWhitespace – isISOControl/isJavaIdentifierStart/isJavaIdentiferPart

47. Private and Confidential 47 Normalization Many characters have two (or more) representations in Unicode. – Normalization makes the sequences the same. – Simplifies user input parsing and validation.

48. Private and Confidential 48 ICUj Normalizer Class Four forms of Normalization: – Form C (composed) – Form D (decomposed) – Form KC (canonical composed) – Form KD (canonical decomposed) – Special handling for Hangul characters! – Note that there is a private class java.text.Normalizer in the JDK.

49. Private and Confidential 49 Demo Programs UnicodeDemo – a Java program that demonstrates the byte sequences of different encodings and also provides some code that shows ISR and OSW in action. Charsets – a Windows program by my buddy Bill Hall for playing with encodings. http://www.inter-locale.comhttp://www.inter-locale.com -- my personal website, with examples and demos of certain Java I18n things.

50. Questions? Addison Phillips aphillips@webmethods.com