1. Warm-up /27/13
Thinking back on yesterday, why do you think that the residents of Salem leap to witch craft instead of following Rebecca Nurse’s advice?
What could Miller be suggesting about human nature? Why do we often choose to ignore the “voice of reason”?
Have out your journals for stamps!

2. Pathos: The Power of Loaded Language

3. Aristotle's Three Appeals
Ethos- appealing to an audience through highlighting your credibility.
Logos- appealing to an audience through the logic of your argument.
Pathos- appealing to an audience through accessing their values and emotions.
Today, we will focus on pathos, the primary appeal used by the girls in the Salem Witch Trials.

4. Loaded Language: a Piece of Pathos
language that attempts to persuade the speaker’s audience through appealing to their emotions.
Loaded language is only effective if the speaker understands how to manipulate the values and emotions of the audience.

5. Loaded Language: Where does the “load” from from?
Strong positive or negative connotations in carefully chosen words
Weighty Symbols
Powerful Imagery
Metaphors and Similes
These words and phrases are “loaded” to evoke emotional responses beyond those of their literal meanings.

6. How to Unpack the Load: P.A.C.S.
Purpose: what is the speaker’s purpose? What motivates him/her to speak?
Audience: who is the speaker talking to (or target audience), and what does this audience value/care about that the speaker is targeting?
Connotations: underline words that have strong positive/negative connotation. Write a + or – above them. Why is the speaker using these words with these particular connotations? (What is the effect on the audience?)
See: visualize the text. How does the imagery or figurative language contribute to the audience’s understanding of the speaker’s message?
How to Unpack the Load: P.A.C.S.

7. Watch the following commercials, analyzing it using PACS.
Remember PACS: Purpose? Audience? Connotations? See?
ASPCA Commercial (Sarah Mclachlan)
ASPCA (Sarah McLachlan): Connotations/Images: music is super emotional, romantic, loving
Images of neglected/abused animals getting help/love, Sarah w/her dog
PURINA: Purpose/Audience: to link pets to family
we, the American audience, value our dogs (family) and want to provide them with only the best.

8. Modeling P.A.C.S. on The Crucible
“I hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face! And it is my face and yours, Danforth! For them that quail to bring men out of ignorance, as I have quailed, and as you quail now when you know in all your black hearts that this be a fraud- God damns our kind especially, and we will burn, we will burn together!”
Abigail talking to Proctor
about Still Loving Her
Watch the following commercial, analyzing it using PACS.
Purpose? Audience? Connotations? See?
PURINA: Purpose: to link pets to family—we, the American audience (women, most likely), value family and want to provide them with only the best.
Connotations: music is super emotional, romantic, loving,
Images of family, homes, marriages, family pets
BEST FRIENDS PET CARE: Similar, but here they are emphasizing the animal’s “right” to be themselves. American’s LOVE rights.

9. Discussion:
Why do the girls rely on pathos/loaded language during their appeals in the trials?
Why don’t they utilize any other appeal, like logos (logic) or ethos (their credibility)?
because reason can’t really be used against the super natural

10. Background on Jonathan Edwards
Jonathan Edwards was a Puritan minister during the First Great Awakening.
Edwards is most famous for his theological writings and passionate Revival Camp speeches
The following speech, which is considered the greatest “Hell Fire and Brimstone” sermon of all time, is still read by Evangelical Christians today.

11. Guest Speaker: Jonathan Edwards
“Sinners at the Hands of an Angry God”

12. Sinners Activity
With a partner, choose one particularly persuasive, vivid quotation that uses loaded language from Edwards’s sermon and complete a P.A.C.S. analysis of the quotation.
Create an illustration for the quotation that utilizes the entire page. Your illustration must detailed, neatly arranged, and the quotation must be written on the same page.

13. Housekeeping
Grammar Comma 1 and 2 Grades
Writing Folders

14. Grammar 2 Review Compound, or not? (In other words, need a comma?)
Ms. Bohls goes through a quart of ice cream a week and prefers “Moose Tracks” to almost any other flavor
Ms. Bohls loves live music and her hometown is full of it.
Ms. Bohls needed to sleep but she was too excited about Jonathan Edwards’s visit to sleep.

15. Puritans, who are driven by fear of God, live very repressed lives.
What is the difference between an Appositive and a Non-Restrictive Clause?
Our speaker, Jonathan Edwards, put a fear of Hell in our hearts.
Appositive: a word or phrase that follows a noun/pronoun (he, she, they) that means the exact same thing.
Puritans, who are driven by fear of God, live very repressed lives.
Non-restrictive: a clause set off by commas that does not contain information essential to the sentence

16. Appositive or Non-restrictive Clause?
Alex, seasoned speed reader, read The Crucible in a single night.
The frightened young girl, Mary Warren, nearly fainted in front of Danforth.
The “Court Officials, who are all just young girls, accused dozens of Salemites of being witches.

17. Danforth to Proctor about Bringing Mary Warren to Testify Against the Trials
“Now, Mr. Proctor, before I decide whether I shall hear you or not, it is my duty to tell you this. We burn a hot fire here; it melts down all concealment” (93).

18. “But you must understand, sir, that a person is either with this court, or he be counted against it, there be no road between. This is a sharp time, now, a precise time—we live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world.” (98)
Danforth to Mr. Nurse as he protests the courts using his list to make Arrests

19. Danforth
“…we live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world. Now, by God’s grace, the shining sun is up, and them that fear not light will surely praise it. I hope you will be one of those” (98).
Bring up the error of mixing too many metaphors in Hale’s speech.

20. Hale tries to tell Danforth that the Salemites Fear the Courts
Hale: “We cannot blink it more. There is a prodigious fear of the court in this country—“
Danforth: “Then there is a prodigious guilt in the country… Reproach me not with fear in the country; there is fear in the country because there is a moving plot to topple Christ in the country!” ( )
Students will have all three quotations on their notes sheets. Instruct them, with a partner, to PACS one of the three quotations, then debrief.

21. Act III: Visual Journals
With a partner, choose one particularly persuasive, vivid quotation from Act III that uses loaded language.
Perform a P.A.C.S. analysis of the quotation.
Create an illustration for the quote that utilizes the entire back page of the P.A.C.S. paper.