1. Please answer the question on the board.
Good Morning Minions
Please answer the question on the board.

2. Nonmetals Properties Physical Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Reactive with other elements
Solid nonmetals are dull and brittle
Physical
10 of 16 nonmetals are gasses at room temperature
Bromine is the only liquid at room temperature
Dull, brittle (not malleable), poor conductors

3. Nonmetals Chemical Properties Reactive with other elements
Fluorine is the “most reactive element known”
Group 18 rarely ever form compounds

4. The “Families” Carbon Family Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead
Gain, lose, or share 4 electrons when reacting with other elements
Crude oil is made of carbon chains up to 50 carbon atoms!

5. The “Families” Nitrogen Family
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth
Gain or share 3 electrons when reacting with other elements

6. The “Families” Oxygen Family
Group 16: Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium, Polonium
Gain or share two electrons when reacting with another element
Oxygen is highly reactive as it can combine with most elements

7. The “Families” The Halogen Family
Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine
Gains or shares one electron when reacting with other elements
Halogen- “Salt Forming”
All are VERY reactive and when uncombined are VERY dangerous to humans
Fluorine so reactive it reacts to almost everything
Water and powdered glass will burn in Fluorine!
Very useful!
Salts
Nonstick coating on pans
Help prevent tooth decay
Kill bacteria in our swimming pools

8. Metaloids Boron (B) Silicon (Si) Germanium (Ge) Arsenic (As)
Antimony (Sb)
Tellurium (Te)
Polonium (Po)
Astatine (At)

9. Metaloids
What is it?
Has some of the characteristics of metals and nonmetals
Brittle
Hard
Somewhat reactive
Most common is Silicon (Si)
Most useful property is their varying ability to conduct electricity
Make semiconductors (Substances that conduct electricity under some circumstances, but not under others.)
Ex: Computer chips, transistors, lasers.

10. Clarification… Atomic Mass Valence Electron Atomic Number
Mass of the atom. Proton + Neutron = Atomic Mass
Valence Electron
How many electrons on the outer-most layer/shell of the electron cloud. Can be from electrons.
Atomic Number
The same as the atom’s number of protons.

11. Pattern evolves!!!
You can tell the valence electrons by which group they are in!!!
Group 1 = 1 valence electron
Group 2 = 2 valence electrons
Group 13 = 3 valence electrons
Group 14 = 4 valence electrons
Group 15 = 5 valence electrons
Group 16 = 6 valence electrons
Group 17 = 7 valence electrons
Group 18 = 8 valence electrons (most stable)

12. Wait!!! What about groups 3 – 12?
Most of the time they have 2 valence electrons…
BUT…
They can also have 3… (Chromium can have 1!)
So for the time being, it is less confusing at this point to say that the transition metals (groups 3-12) can vary.
But Groups 1, 2, 13 – 18 all have definite valence numbers!

13. Question…
What do you know about radioactivity?

14. A little history… 1896 Henri Becquerel Discovered radioactive decay
Exposure to photo plate
Emission called “Radioactivity”
Worked with Marie and Pierre Curie

15. Types of radioactive decay…
Three major forms of natural radioactive decay of an unstable nucleus
Alpha decay
Beta decay
Gamma decay
The particles and energy produced during radioactive decay are forms of nuclear radiation

16. Alpha Decay… Alpha Particle 2 Protons & 2 Neutrons Positive charge
Like a Helium Nucleus
Lose 4 AMU’s and 2 Protons
Creates a new element!

17. Example… Beryllium-8 (unstable isotope of Beryllium)
Loses an alpha particle
8amu – 4amu = 4 amu
Beryllium = 4 protons
Lose 2 Protons leaving 2 protons
Helium = 2 protons
Now becomes Helium

18. Beta Decay Some atoms unstable from too many neutrons Beta Decay
Neutron → Proton & Negative charged Beta Particle
Beta Particle
Fast moving electron given off of
nucleus during decay
Result
1 less neutron
1 more proton
New element!!!

19. Example… Carbon-14 Nucleus Carbon -14 = 6 protons + 8 neutrons
Beta Decay
-1 neutron
+1 proton & beta particle
Nitrogen-14 = 7 protons + 7 neutrons

20. Gamma Decay Gamma radiation No loss to protons, neutrons, or electrons
Has no charge
Given off during Alpha & Beta Decay

21. What can stop radiation?
Alpha = small burn
Beta = damage cells
Gamma = Massive cell damage

22. Radioactive Isotopes Many uses in science & industry Power Plants
ENERGY!!!
Tracing chemical reactions
Scientists see how plants use phosphorus
Tracing industrial processes
Find weak spots in pipes
Find weakness in structures
Treating disease
Body imaging to find weak spots or problems
Treat cancer by killing the effected cells

23. Try this! Uranium-238 Alpha Nickel-63 Beta Iodine-131 Radium-226
Isotope
Type of Decay
Result
Uranium-238
Alpha
Nickel-63
Beta
Iodine-131
Radium-226