2. “Perceiving and Conceiving” Structures Exo vs. Endo - Skeleton Light and view Penetrations…………………………………………….. Skin Wrapping ………………. Framing ………………. Ordering M ovement Light …………………………….. Heavy Solid ….…………………………….. Void Beauty

3. Structures W hat role does the structural system play? I s the structure supportive or deterministic of the aesthetic quality of the building? Or Is the Structural system invisible? H ow has the role of the structure in a building changed over time? What is my attitude about how to reveal or express structure in my design ?

4. Interrelated Architectural systems Structural Systems.............................. spanning and supporting Enclosure ………………………………… defines perimeter and interior Apertures / Fenestration........... creates a Connection between Interior and exterior spaces Spatial Ramifications ………………………. structural organization influences/creates space Materials ……………………………. Structural and weather resistant

5. Structures in History The development of structural materials and structural theory has a long and varied history “Ah, to build, to Build, that is the noblest of all the arts” – Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

6. Structural Systems Direct Load Bearing Bearing Walls Corbelling Arches, vaults, domes post and beam Stone Heavy timber steel Reinforced concrete post and Platform Reinforced concrete others

7. Load Bearing Bearing Walls …… Corbelling ……………………… Arches, Vaults, Domes …………………..

8. Bearing Walls Massive masonry walls carry compression loads The space is primarily vertical The skin is determined by structure………………. The problem is creating spans in masonry Span is limited by depth in stone lintels……………. Corbelling was an early solution The arch was the Roman solution to creating apertures and large spans…………………………………..

9. Corbelling Corbelled stone domeMycenaean fortress Corbelling is achieved by stacking masonry units in a stair-step fashion to bridge the opening.

10. Arches, Vaults, Domes Gravity shaped inverted arch Arch ThrustsSt. Louis Arch Barrel Vault – an extruded arch Dome – arch 360°dome in bending “An Arch never Sleeps” – James Fergusson

11. Load Bearing Colosseum of Rome Hagia Sophia Masonry load- Bearing structures were solid and monumental. The challenge was to create light and airy spaces. Notice the proportion of solid to empty space in the floor plans of the colosseum in rome and the Hagia Sophia.

12. Post and Beam Stone …………….. Heavy Timber ……………………………… Reinforced Concrete …………………… Steel …….

13. Post and Beam The Hypostyle Hall results from the desire to make outdoor public open space ………………… The enclosure is independent from the structure, either by-pass continuous or infill …………………...……. The Structure can meet the Ground very delicately, on Just a few points …………………… Parthenon Thomas hacker library Bauhaus, dessau

14. Structural Forces Two types of Forces: 1.Compression 2.Tension Bending is the Result of Tension and Compression in a member Tension and Compression can be broken up into Horizontal and Vertical Components Gravity loads and Lateral Loads result in tension and compression of structural members Gravity Loads: Dead loads (weight of structure) and live loads (people, furniture, snow) Lateral Loads: Earthquake, Wind, Earth retention

15. Gravity Loads Load Distribution: Gravity Load on Beam = P Gravity Load on each Support = P/2 Two types of Forces: 1.Tension 2.Compression Bottom of beam in Tension Top of Beam in Compression Reinforcing: Steel reinforcing in concrete occurs where beam is in tension because concrete is weak in tension

16. Gravity Loads Load Distribution: Gravity Load on Beam = P Gravity Load on each Support = P/2 Two types of Forces: 1.Tension 2.Compression Bottom of beam in Tension Top of Beam in Compression Reinforcing: Steel reinforcing in concrete occurs where beam is in tension because concrete is weak in tension

17. Lateral Loads Moment Frame Deflection: Exaggerated wind deflection Occurs only if connections between members are rigid (Welds) Shear: Connections are pinned (bolts, nails) Two Solutions: Make rigid connections Diagonal X-Bracing / triangulation

18. Lateral Loads Frame Deflection: Exaggerated wind deflection Occurs only if connections between members are rigid (Welds) Shear: Connections are pinned (bolts, nails) Two Solutions: Make rigid connections Diagonal X-Bracing / triangulation

19. Post and Platform Reinforced Concrete

20. Post and Platform Villa Savoye The Skin of the building is independent of the structure, which allows more fenestration, and the space is primarily horizontal except for the top level. Johnson Wax Building

21. Campus Buildings Direct Load Bearing post and beam post and Platform EMU – newer portion (west side) DEADY HALL Masonry load-bearing skin Arched window openings Lawrence Hall (concrete) Bookstore (concrete) Lillis Business School (steel)

22. Louis I. Kahn – Exeter Library, Exeter A Concrete Core provides Lateral Stability... The atrium in the center lets light in from above, which filters through the structure into the stacks on each floor. Upon entering the atrium on the main floor, the entire organization is understood in the clarity of the spaces and structure.

23. Louis I. Kahn – National Assembly, Daka Bearing Walls of Concrete and Marble The concrete Bearing walls are poured on site. Limited by the building technology to 4’ pour heights, the horizontal joint is expressed by bands of marble. Light is brought in through openings in a layered wall system, creating an inner street and innermost private space at the “Heart.”

24. Calatrava - Oriente Station, Lisbon Steel and Concrete Soaring Structures Continuous Spaces are Linked by Dynamic Movement. Because of shifting boundaries as one moves through the space, the structure defines nodes and paths.

25. Calatrava - Oriente Station, Lisbon Steel Columns branch skyward A tree-like Canopy provides shade and cover as Branching columns are linked into a continuous frame.

26. Calatrava – Milwaukee Art Museum The structure of this canopy shades, and seems to derive form from the wings of a bird… What is the attitude about Structure? Is it sculpture ? Art? Does it dominate or is it integral to the function of the museum ? How far should Structure reach to achieve beauty? Is Isolated Structure Architecture ?

27. Structures W hat role does the structural system play? I s the structure supportive or deterministic of the aesthetic quality of the building? Or Is the Structural system invisible? H ow has the role of the structure in a building changed over time? What is my attitude about how to reveal or express structure in my design ?

28. References Pictures from: www.thomashacker.com www.uoregon.edu www.calatrava.com Mario Salvadori. Why Buildings Stand Up Other good Sources: Ed Allen. Architect’s Studio Companion Francis Ching. Building Construction Illustrated