1. Latin American Revolutions
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Peons
Miguel Hidalgo
Agustin d' Iturbide
Francisco de Miranda
Simon Bolivar
Gran Colombia
Jose de San Martin
Pedro I
Caudillos
Monroe Doctrine

2. Class Systems in the Colonies
Colonies had class systems that were highly unequal and would lead to future revolution.
Peninsulares → citizens born in Spain, were given the best jobs (political and military)
Creoles → colonists born in Latin America to Spanish parents, were usually landowners
Mestizos → children of Spanish and Indian parents, worked in towns, oversaw estates.
Peons → Indian people of mixed and African heritage, worked the mines, held no land

3. Miguel Hidalgo
Hidalgo → village priest who led Indian followers on an uprising against Spanish rule in Mexico
Managed to get to Mexico City but was defeated by the Spanish.
Would be executed in

4. Agustin d' Iturbide
Iturbide → Creole leader that won freedom for Mexico in
Was a creole who managed to unite a large chunk of Mexico against Spain.
Would become emperor of Mexico but is deposed in

5. Francisco de Miranda
Miranda → revolutionary who worked closely with Simon Bolivar to free Venenzuela.
Pleaded to England and Catherine the Great to assist their cause and would manage to free Venenzuela
Venenzuela would be recaptured and Miranda would die in prison.

6. Simon Bolivar
Bolivar → worked closely with other revolutionaries in an attempt to free South America.
Managed to drive out the Spanish from Colombia in
Was called the Great Liberator
Freed Ecuador and Venezuela as well in and 1822.
Would merge these territories into Gran Colombia which would break up in 1830

7. Jose de San Martin
San Martin → worked with Bolivar for a short period of time, managed to free Chile and Argentina.
San Martin would free Northern Peru as well and would consult with Bolivar to figure out what to do with southern Peru, but they would disagree.

8. Brazil John VI would flee to Brazil to avoid the wrath of Napoleon.
Upon the return of John VI, Pedro I would become the ruler of Brazil
He would plead to Portugal to grant Brazil its independence.
It would become an independent nation and a monarchy and remain as such until 1889.

9. The Monroe Doctrine
In an attempt to protect their landholdings, the Americans decide to pass the Monroe Doctrine.
Monroe Doctrine → stated that the Americas were closed to colonization and any attempt to colonize American territory would be an act of war.

10. Unresolved Issues - Creoles gained political power
- Able to trade with all nations
- Latin America remained disunited
- Individual nations tailored their governments to the wants of the people
- Military leaders would take over an unpopular government and rule as caudillos → military dictators
- Peons remained poor and still held little political power
- Would revolt to gain a fairer distribution of land
- All ideas of land reform would be resisted by landowners