1. Nation Building in Latin America

2. Social Structure in Latin America Peninsulares- held all important positions Creoles- descendents of Europeans born in Latin America- seen as 2 nd class citizens Mestizos- worked as servants or laborers- largest group

3. REVOLTS! Revolutionary ideas in Latin America were sparked by the successes of revolutions in North America

4. Mexico Miguel Hidalgo-priest, influenced by French revolution, rallied Native Americans and Mestizos Formed mob army and attacked Spaniards on September 16, 1810 (still Mexico’s independence day)

5. Peninsulares and creoles scared and went along with everyone to overthrow the Spanish Mexico independent from Spain in 1821.

6. South America Both led major revolts and were considered “Liberators of South America” Jose de San Martin of Argentina Simon Bolivar of Venezuela

7. By the end of 1824, –Peru –Uruguay –Paraguay –Colombia –Venezuela –Argentina –Bolivia –Chile All became free states!!!

8. Central American states became independent in 1823. Divided into 5 republics in 1838 and 1839.

9. Monroe Doctrine Pres. James Monroe upset with British interest in Latin America after the Spanish left and declared, “henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers” Bold move at the time, especially considering the size of the British navy! James Monroe

10. Issues Had trouble acting as independent nations Border disputes Lack of railroads, sufficient road systems Wars resulted in loss of people, property and livestock National unity Lack of political experience Wealth often in the hands of a select few Often new nations became dependent on western nations as they had during the colonial period

11. U.S. involvement in Latin America Cuba becomes U.S. protectorate Puerto Rico annexed to the U.S. –Both results of Spanish-American War

13. U.S. supports Panama rebellion that allowed Panama to separate from Columbia –U.S. builds Panama Canal

14. U.S. becomes huge force throughout Latin America –Military forces were sent all over Latin America to “protect America’s interests” Many Latin American nations began to resent the “big bully” to the north.

15. Economic Change After 1870, Latin America began an age of prosperity due to the export a few basic items –Argentina = wheat and beef –Brazil = coffee –Central America = bananas –Peru = sugar and silver Middle sectors of society began to grow –These were the educated, with decent incomes that wanted a reform, not a revolution