21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Triple Science Support Programme The Stevenage Network of Schools Starters and Plenaries.

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Triple Science Support Programme The Stevenage Network of Schools Starters and Plenaries June 2008

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Chemistry of the Living world Welcome! 21 st Century Science presents:

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Chains and rings It is useful to think of organic compounds as a chain of carbon atoms shown below. Each carbon atom can make up to 4 bonds each one being covalent.

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Hydrocarbons- The Alkanes This very important class of compounds is commonly used as fuel eg. Petrol (octane) In this lesson You will find out about:  The alkane series of hydrocarbons  Physical properties of alkanes  Chemical Reactions of alkanes

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network click here to see the crude oil animation Activity

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Stage 2:Alcohols Surprisingly alcohols are not just a sure fire way to get smashed. They are of great importance to the chemistry world too. They are very similar to alkanes but include an -OH (hydroxyl) group on one of the carbons. In this lesson you will learn about: Physical properties of alcohols Chemical properties of alcohols

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network click here to see the alcohol animation Activity

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Stage 3:Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids are found in great abundance in food processing as well as fruit. For instance vinegar is made up of the carboxylic acid Ethanoic acid. In this lesson you will find out about:  Structures and properties of organic acids  Acids in vinegar and other foods  Carboxylic acids as weak acids

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network http://www.zerobio.com/drag_oa/coolermolecules/drag_an d_drop_cooler_molecules.swf Activity

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Stage 4:Esters Esters are very recognisable by their fruity odours as they are present in apples, bananas and much more. They are produced from reactions between alcohols and carboxylic acids. In this lesson you will understand how:  Alcohols and carboxylic acids form esters  Esters are synthesised practically

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/a ctivity/activity42/activity.swf Activity

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Stage 5:Fats and oils Naturally occurring fats and oils are tri-esters, meaning three ester links in one molecule You should remember from last lesson that esters are produced through a reaction between alcohols and carboxylic acids In today's lesson you will investigate  Structures of fats and oils  Saturated and unsaturated compounds

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network How much? How Fast? How far? All chemical reactions involve a change in energy because old bonds are broken, and new bonds are formed

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Energy changes in chemical reactions Reactions can take in energy from their surroundings. These are known as an endothermic reactions. Reactions can also give out energy in the form of an exothermic reaction. In this lesson you will explore:  Endothermic and exothermic reactions  Energy level diagrams  Bond breaking and forming  Calculating energy changes

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/flash/g csechem_06.swf Activity

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network How fast????? The activation energy of a reaction is the minimum energy requirement for a reaction to take place. The kinetic energy the molecules obtain is incredibly important as it determines whether the activation energy is reached. In this lesson you will study  Collisions between molecules  Activation energies

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbIaK6PLrRM Video

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Reversible Changes Many reactions are reversible processes for instance the melting or freezing of water. Chemists have to understand what conditions to allow the reaction to progress as far in one direction as possible. This will create a high yield. In today’s lesson you will investigate:  Reactions that go both ways  Factors affecting the direction of change

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/flash/gcsechem _36.swf Animation

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network How far? Reversible changes that your learnt last lesson exist in a state of balance, or dynamic equilibrium. The forward and reverse reactions are constantly occurring, but the rate to which both of them occur determines whether more product or reactants are made. In this lesson you will find out about:  Chemical equilibrium  Dynamic equilibrium  Strong and weak acids

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/flash/ch03009.s wf Animation

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Topic 3: Chemical Analysis Analytical measurement of chemical compounds is of great importance to our everyday lives. It ensures things are safe and do not cause any negative effects e.g. shampoo causing an allergic reaction :^o Medicines have to go through years of testing before they are even trialled on humans.

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Analysis stage 1: Sampling Analysts work with samples of materials, using as many different samples as possible. Large samples like the power rangers in the background are more representative because they produce a more accurate picture or the material as a whole. This lesson will uncover:  The importance of sampling  Sampling and analysing in the field and the lab  Power ranger kung-foo moves

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Checking up on food colours Chromatography has many uses: To separate and identify chemicals in a mixture Check the purity of a given chemical Purify small samples of a chemical This lesson will focus on:  Principles of chromatography  Paper chromatography  Thin layer chromatography Chuck Norris says: Chromatography kicks ass mikedorazio.wordpress.com/2008/02/29/

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Find the forgery: Ash Ketchum style Chromatography can be used to analyse colourless compounds for their consistency. Chromatographic methods rely on some sort of indication i.e. colour change to confirm the presence of a particular compound Your task today is to use thin layer chromatography to distinguish between metal ions! Lets Go bidoof! Lets find the forgery!

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Gas Chromatography This technique is used to separate complex mixtures more effectively than paper or thin layer chromatography but is very expensive. It can not only detect small quantities of compounds but can also measure how much of each compound is present in a sample. Today’s lesson will cover:  Gas chromatography (how surprising!)  Retention times

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network http://www.wooster.edu/Chemistry/analytical/gc/default.ht ml Interactive

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Concentration Concentration is the measure of how much of a compound is dissolved per unit of volume. Concentration must be calculated very carefully if an accurate piece of research is to be conducted. In this lesson you will learn:  What apparatus is required to make an accurate standard solution.  How to make up a standard solution

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Using Pipettes and burettes When using exact volumes of solution it is vital to use accurate equipment in an investigation. Pipettes and burettes are used greatly in practical chemistry particularly in titrations. This lesson will cover:  The key features of burettes and pipettes  How to correctly use burettes and pipettes

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Analysing Vinegar Titration is a standard procedure where a solution of known concentration is reacted with an unknown solution to determine its concentration. Today’s action packed hour includes:  Acid-alkali titrations (using vinegar OMG)  Standard solutions

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network http://media.coolschool.ca/player.php?course=chem12&fil e=lab20c.flv Titration video

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Valid analytical measurement True values cannot be found by performing a single experiment. Repeats must be carried out to ensure reliability where a mean value is produced. Averages can be used to provide a best estimate of the true value. This lesson will cover:  Examination of previous titration results  Evaluating your work

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Synthesis of weed killer Herbicides play a pivotal role in the food production industry because to maximise yields, weeds which are “unwanted plants” must be destroyed. Herbicides must be chemically synthesised and then purified before they can be sold on the open market. In happy hour today you will learn:  How weedkillers are made  How the product is separated from the reactants  How the weedkiller is purified.

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Chemical Industry One of the many large scale processes in the chemical industry today is the production of nitric acid. By using ammonia (NH 3 ), water and oxygen along with the use of catalysts and higher pressures nitric acid is produced Today’s hour includes:  Large scale manufacturing of nitric acid  Finding more examples of large scale manufacturing

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Greener Industry  The chemical industry is constantly moving forward, reinventing many of its processes to make them kinder to the environment. Greener chemistry refers to: Turning to renewable resources Creating higher yields Cutting down use of hazardous chemicals Improving efficiency Reducing waste Preventing pollution

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Todays lessons will:  Allow you in groups to look at a specific aspect of greener chemistry  Report back in groups with a presentation or hand out about a specific aspect

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Catalysts Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway which lowers the activation energy This means more molecules have sufficient energy to react. Catalysts increase reaction rates but do not change the yield of the products. Today’s glorious hour includes:  How catalysts work  Thundercat Sword moves

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Three routes to ethanol You should remember from lesson 25 the principles of green chemistry, for example, turning to renewable sources. These principles can be applied to ethanol production. This lesson will cover the three methods of producing ethanol, which are:  Oxidation of hydrocarbons  The Monsanto process  The Cativa process

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Which route is best? It is very important to assess the attributes of each method of ethanol production in order to justify which one will have the least damaging effects. Last chemmy lesson ever involves:  Working in groups and using the information you gained last lesson your task is to decide which method is best for the chemical industry

21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Triple Science Support Programme The Stevenage Network of Schools Starters and Plenaries.

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21C Physics | Electromagnetic waves | ©Stevenage Schools Network Triple Science Support Programme The Stevenage Network of Schools Starters and Plenaries.

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