1. Chapter 25 Fungi

2. Fig. 31-1

3. Fig. 31-2 Reproductive structure Spore-producing structures Hyphae Mycelium 20 µm

4. Fig. 31-3 (b) Coenocytic hypha Septum (a) Septate hypha Pore Nuclei Cell wall

8. Fig. 31-5-3 Spores Spore-producing structures GERMINATION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium Key Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Heterokaryotic stage Zygote Spores GERMINATION MEIOSIS

9. Fig. 31-6 2.5 µm

12. Fig. 31-7 10 µm Parent cell Bud

13. Fig. 31-11 Chytrids (1,000 species) Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Hyphae 25 µm Glomeromycetes (160 species) Fungal hypha Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)

14. Fig. 31-13-4 Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Diploid (2n) Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) PLASMOGAMY Key Diploid nuclei Zygosporangium 100 µm KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Sporangium Spores Dispersal and germination ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Sporangia Mycelium 50 µm

15. Glomeromycetes The glomeromycetes (phylum Glomeromycota) were once considered zygomycetes They are now classified in a separate clade Glomeromycetes form arbuscular mycorrhizae

16. Fig. 31-15 2.5 µm

17. Fig. 31-16 Tuber melanosporum, a truffle Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel

18. Fig. 31-17-4 Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Conidiophore Mycelium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Germination Hypha PLASMOGAMY Haploid spores (conidia) Conidia; mating type (–) Mating type (+) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dikaryotic hyphae Ascus (dikaryotic) Mycelia KARYOGAMY Diploid nucleus (zygote) Germination Asci Dispersal Ascocarp Eight ascospores Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS

19. Fig. 31-18a Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a fungus with an odor like rotting meat

20. Fig. 31-18b Puffballs emitting spores

21. Fig. 31-18c Shelf fungi, important decomposers of wood

22. Basidium Fig. 31-19-4 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Diploid (2n) Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Key PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Haploid mycelia Dikaryotic mycelium Mating type (–) Basidia (n+n) Gills lined with basidia Basidiocarp (n+n) KARYOGAMY Diploid nuclei MEIOSIS Basidium containing four haploid nuclei Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidiospore 1 µm Haploid mycelia

24. Fig. 31-20

25. Fig. 31-23a A fruticose (shrublike) lichen

26. Fig. 31-23b Crustose (encrusting) lichens

27. Fig. 31-23c A foliose (leaflike) lichen

28. Fig. 31-24 Algal cell Ascocarp of fungus Soredia Fungal hyphae Fungal hyphae Algal layer 20 µm

29. Fig. 31-25a (a) Corn smut on corn

30. Fig. 31-25b (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves

31. Fig. 31-25c (c) Ergots on rye

32. Fig. 31-26 Staphylococcus Zone of inhibited growth Penicillium

33. Fig. 31-UN6a

34. Fig. 31-UN6b

35. Fig. 31-UN6c

36. Fig. 31-UN6d

37. Fig. 31-UN6e

38. You should now be able to: 1.List the characteristics that distinguish fungi from other multicellular kingdoms 2. Describe the life cycles of Rhizopus stolonifer and Neurospora crassa 3. Distinguish among zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes 4. Describe some of the roles of fungi in ecosystems, lichens, animal-fungi mutualistic symbioses, food production, and medicine and as pathogens