1. Race in Colonial Latin America

2. Question to Consider How was race constructed during the Colonial period?

3. The Peopling of Latin America Heterogeneous  Indian  European  African  Asian

4. Racial Mixing High Degree of Racial Mixing  Castas  25% by 18 th Century Blurring of Racial Groups  Physical Characteristics  “One Drop Rule” “Passing”

5. Basic Castas Mestizo (Indian & European) Mulatto (African & European) Zambo (Indian & African)

6. Mexico in 1793 8,000 Europeans  700,00 Criollos 6,000 Blacks  360,000 Mulatos 2,300,000 Indians  1,000,000 Acculturated 100,000 Asians

7. Restrictions Not allowed to live in Indian neighborhoods Denied posts Sumptuary Legislation  (cloths & jewelry)

8. Breakdown of Racial Barriers Less residential segregation Intermarriage Occupation/Education more important than race Certificate of Whiteness

9. Conclusions Racial Ambiguity High Degree of Mobility Money & Education  Example of rich Mestizos and Mulatos Loss of Control (Spanish Authorities)

10. 18 th Century Casta Paintings NPR: “Inventing Race Through Art” http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.p hp?storyId=3043790 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.p hp?storyId=3043790

11. Questions to Consider What do the images reveal about attitudes toward racial mixing and the different castas? How would you compare the attitudes expressed in the primary documents versus those depicted in the casta paintings?

12. Spaniard and an Indian Produces a Mestizo

13. Spaniard and a Mestizo Produces Castiza

14. Spaniard and a Castiza Produces a Spaniard

15. Mestizo and an Indian Produces a Coyote

16. An African and a Spaniard Produces a Mulatto

17. A Mulatto and a Spaniard Produces a Marisco

18. A Spaniard and a Marisca Produces a Albino

19. A Spaniard and an Albina Produces a Black- Return-Backwards

20. A Black and an Indian Produces a Wolf

21. A Black and an Indian Produces a Zambaiga

22. A Zambaiga and an Indian Produces an Albarazado

23. An Indian and an Albaradazdo Produces a Chamizo

24. A Chamizo and an Indian Produces a Cambuja

25. An Albarrado and an Indian Produces a Cachimboreta

26. An Indian and a Cambuja Produces a Wolf-Return-Backwards

27. A Wolf-Return-Backwards and an Indian Produces a Hold-Yourself-in-Mid-Air

28. 18 th Century Casta Paintings Reaffirmed the Importance of Racial Heritage Subcategories of Castas Details of Everyday Life People at Various Social Levels Material Culture

29. Conclusions Spaniards preside over society Spaniards possessors of culture Ambiguity/Inconsistency in racial markers More racial mixing, status declines Spanish blood redeemable, black not Underscore colony’s wealth

30. Post-Independence Lessening of Racial Barriers Indigenous Peoples Increasingly “Celebrated”  Europeanized  Romanticized Casta Designations Banned  Equality Before the Law