1. Class 23: History of 19 th C Ann T. Orlando 22 March 2006

2. Introduction Napoleon Political History of 19 th C Latin America After Napoleon

3. Napoleon (1769-1821) Born in Corsica, attends Ecole Militaire in France Napoleon rises rapidly in French military; brilliant strategist  Battle of Rivoli against Austrians (1797)  Battle of Pyramids against Muslim army (1798) In a coup d’etat Napoleon seizes control of France; Napoleon declares himself First Consular (1799)  Battle of Marengo against Austrians (1800) Napoleon has himself declared Emperor, crowns himself (1804)  Napoleon invades Russia 1812 Because of military defeats, Napoleon toppled form power, sent into exile; Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) assumes throne Napoleon returns to France, raises another army, defeated at Waterloo, Belgium by British 1815 Napoleon sent into exile at St. Helena’s; dies there in 1821

4. www.dean.usma.edu/HISTORY/web03/atlases/napoleon/napoleon%20pages/napoleon%20map%2 070.htm

5. Napoleon: Relations with Church Social: Napoleonic Code  Supports divorce  Catholics opposed to Revolution who had hoped Napoleon would restore ‘Catholic France’, now think only hope for Catholic France is restoration on Monarchy Concordat of 1801  Ended schism between clergy who signed Civil Constitution and those who did not  Napoleon named bishops, but Pope ordained them  Clergy paid by state  Reinstated Gallican articles of 1682  In effect, made Catholicism in France a state Church Napoleon invaded Papal States in 1808  Pius VII excommunicated Napoleon; Napoleon takes him captive  Congress of Vienna, 1815, returns control of Papal States to Pope

6. Effect of Pius VII Stance Against Napoleon Re-established moral authority of Church, even for non-Catholics Many people convert to Catholicism Re-established Jesuits in 1814  Renewed activity in Jesuit Education (e.g., Georgetown, BC, HC, Fordham) Renewed appreciation for Catholic intellectual life

7. Congress of Vienna (1815) After Battle of Waterloo, victors (England, Austria, Russia, Prussia) gather to try to restore Europe as it was before Napoleon Prince Klemens von Metternich  The architect of the Congress of Vienna,  His main goal was to support conservative governments in Europe and to establish a Balance of Power; this was to prevent another power dominating Europe as had France. The wartime allies against Napoleon: Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia signed the Quadruple Alliance, pledging them to uphold the peace settlement by entering into any war on behalf of he other. Reestablished Papal States under control of Papacy

8. France After Napoleon Brief restoration of monarchy Revolution 1848 French Republics Two powerful competing groups of Catholics in France  Ultramontanes want strong Papacy to help rebuild French unity and culture; return to throne and altar  Liberals want some aspects of pre-revolutionary French philosophes incorporated into Catholicism; individual freedom, democracy

9. England 17 th – 19 th C George I Hanover George III reigns 1760-1820  American Revolution Queen Victoria 1837-1901  During her reign Parliament becomes increasingly important relative to monarchy  By end of reign monarchy is head of State, not head of Government England becomes dominant world power  “The sun never sets on the British crown”

10. Holy Roman Empire Napoleon ends Hapsburg line of Holy Roman Emperors in Spain and Austria; conquers all of Germany After defeat of Napoleon, Congress of Vienna, 1815,  Creation of German Confederation, semi-autonomous states Revolution of 1848 Rise of Bismarck and strong (anti-Catholic) national German government 1859  King as figure head

11. Italy 17 th and 18 th C various Italian States split between Austria (north) and Spain (south), except for Papal States 19 th C Napoleon conquered all of Italy; after Napoleon political turmoil; Congress of Vienna, 1815, restores Papal States Revolution of 1848 starts process of Italian unification  King Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi as political leader 1861  Forcible annexation of Papal States in 1870 completes unification

12. Late 18 th C Latin America Classes Peninsulares: those sent to rule by Kings of Spain or Portugal  High level Ecclesial and Civil authorities  Usually did not remain in Latin America; post stepping stoen to higher office in ‘old’ world Criollos: descendants of earlier Spanish or Portuguese settlers;  Wealthy landowners  In conflict with Peninsulares over governance  Mid-level clergy Mestizo: mixed Spanish/Portuguese and Indian  Lower-level clergy Indians

13. Political Effect of Napoleon on Latin America In 1808 Napoleon deposed King Ferdinand VII of Spain  Napoleon replaced Ferdinand with his brother, Joseph  Decreed that Spanish colonies must obey Joseph Effect was to disrupted authority of Peninsulares;  Allowed Criollos to establish their own governments When Ferdinand returned to throne by Congress of Vienna, Criollos refuse to relinquish power  River Platte (Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay) 1816  Chile 1818;  Greater Columbia (Columbia, Venezuela, Panama, Equator) 1826  Brazil 1821

14. Mexico Fr. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla created an army of Indians and mestizos, 1810  Captured and executed  Succeeded by another priest, Jose Maria Molelos Established principle of alliance of lower clergy and classes against upper classes  Most priests (lower clergy) supported revolution; most bishops did not

15. Complex relationship between Rome and Latin American Churches Everyone called themselves a Catholic  Many early Latin American constitutions affirm Catholicism as the state religion Higher social status, more allied with old world; especially true of bishops After revolutions, especially in Mexico, some propose national Catholic churches Tensions from two groups with Church hierarchy  Liberals, who wanted to follow economic and political models associated with US  Lower clergy who increasingly saw the Church hierarchy as being out of touch with vast majority of people Historical backdrop to Liberation Theology