1. Chapter 13
HEART

2. FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart pumps and circulates blood to all parts of the body
Blood vessels circulate blood between heart and cells
Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries away wastes
Lymph system returns excess fluids from tissues and makes lymphocytes
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3. ORGANS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Blood
Lymphatic system
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4. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
MAJOR BLOOD CIRCUITS
Blood leaves the heart through arteries and returns to the heart from veins
The general (systemic) circulation carries blood throughout the body
Cardiopulmonary circulation carries blood from the heart to lungs and back
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5. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
THE HEART
The heart is the main organ responsible for circulating the blood throughout the body efficiently
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6. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
THE HEART
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7. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
The heart is a hollow, muscular, double pump
Pericardium - double layer of fibrous tissues surrounding heart
Myocardium - cardiac muscle tissue
Endocardium - Smooth inner lining
Septum - Muscular wall separating heart into two halves
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STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
Structures leading to and from the heart:
Vena cava
superior and inferior
Coronary sinus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Aorta
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9. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
Four chambers of the heart
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
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10. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
Four valves permit blood flow in only one direction
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
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11. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
Two major functions occur with each heart beat
Right heart: Blood is taken to the lungs for oxygen
Left heart: Blood is taken from lungs to be circulated throughout body
The heart receives its blood supply from the coronary artery
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12. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
Stroke volume:
Number of heart beats per minute
The heart at rest beats between 72 and 80 times per minute
Cardiac output:
The amount of blood ejected from heart per minute
Between 60 and 80 ml of blood on average
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13. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
Lubb dupp sounds - Sounds made by the valves during the cardiac cycle
Lubb - sound made when the tricuspid and bicuspid valves close between the atria and ventricles
Dupp - Caused by semilunar valves in the aorta and the pulmonary artery closing
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14. CONTROL OF HEART CONTRACTIONS
Pacemaker (sinoatrial node)
Conducting cells found at the opening of the superior vena cava that control heart muscle contractions
Sends out electrical impulses that begin and regulate the heart
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Records electrical activity of heart
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15. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR HEART AND CIRCULATORY FUNCTION
Cardiac catheterization is the insertion of a catheter into the femoral artery or vein
Dye is inserted and pictures are taken as fluid moves through the heart
Stress tests determine how physiological stress and exercise affect the heart
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16. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
DISEASES OF THE HEART
Common symptoms of heart disease
Arrhythmia
Bradycardia
Tachycardia
Murmurs
Mitral valve prolapse
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DISEASES OF THE HEART
Coronary Artery disease (CAD)
Narrowing of the arteries that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart
Angina pectoris - severe chest pain from inadequate oxygen to heart
Myocardial infarction (heart attack) - caused by lack of blood supply to heart
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18. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
DISEASES OF THE HEART
Infectious diseases of the heart
Pericarditis
Myocarditis
Endocarditis
Rheumatic heart disease
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19. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
DISEASES OF THE HEART
Prevention of heart disease
Not smoking
Regular exercise
Maintaining ideal weight
Estrogen replacement therapy
Reduction of triglyceride and cholesterol levels
Maintaining normal blood pressure
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20. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
DISEASES OF THE HEART
Congestive heart failure is similar to heart failure but includes edema in lower extremities
Rhythm/Conduction defects
Heart block
Premature contractions
Fibrillation
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21. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
TYPES OF HEART SURGERY
Angioplasty (balloon surgery)
Coronary bypass
Cardiac stints
Transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR)
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22. © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
HEART TRANSPLANTS
Heart transplant is needed when individual’s heart can no longer function properly
Organ rejection may occur even when tissue type is matched
Immunosuppressants are drugs used to suppress recipient’s immune system from rejecting donor organ
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