1. Exploring Marketing Research William G. Zikmund Chapter 20: Basic Data Analysis

2. Descriptive Analysis The transformation of raw data into a form that will make them easy to understand and interpret; rearranging, ordering, and manipulating data to generate descriptive information Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Type of Measurement Nominal Two categories More than two categories Frequency table Proportion (percentage) Frequency table Category proportions (percentages) Mode Type of descriptive analysis

4. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Type of Measurement Type of descriptive analysis Ordinal Rank order Median

5. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Type of Measurement Type of descriptive analysis Interval Arithmetic mean

6. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Type of Measurement Type of descriptive analysis Ratio Index numbers Geometric mean Harmonic mean

7. Tabulation Tabulation - Orderly arrangement of data in a table or other summary format Frequency Table Percentages Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Frequency Table The arrangement of statistical data in a row- and-column format that exhibits the count of responses or observations for each category assigned to a variable Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Measure of CentralMeasure of Type of ScaleTendencyDispersion NominalModeNone OrdinalMedianPercentile Interval or ratioMeanStandard deviation Central Tendency

10. Cross-Tabulation A technique for organizing data by groups, categories, or classes, thus facilitating comparisons; a joint frequency distribution of observations on two or more sets of variables Contingency table- The results of a cross- tabulation of two variables, such as survey questions Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Cross-Tabulation Analyze data by groups or categories Compare differences Contingency table Percentage cross-tabulations Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Base The number of respondents or observations (in a row or column) used as a basis for computing percentages Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

13. Elaboration and Refinement Moderator variable –A third variable that, when introduced into an analysis, alters or has a contingent effect on the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable. –Spurious relationship An apparent relationship between two variables that is not authentic. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. Quadrant Analysis Tworatingscales 4 quadrants two-dimensionaltable Importance-PerformanceAnalysis)

15. Data Transformation Data conversion Changing the original form of the data to a new format More appropriate data analysis New variables Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

16. Data Transformation Summative Score = VAR1 + VAR2 + VAR 3 Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

17. Collapsing a Five-Point Scale Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree/Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree Disagree/Strongly Disagree Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

18. Index Numbers Score or observation recalibrated to indicate how it relates to a base number CPI - Consumer Price Index Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

19. Calculating Rank Order Ordinal Data Brand Preferences Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

20. Tables Bannerheads for columns Studheads for rows Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

21. Charts and Graphs Pie Charts Line Graphs Bar Charts –Vertical –Horizontal Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

23. Line Graph

24. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Bar Graph

25. Computer Programs SPSS SAS SYSTAT Microsoft Excel Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

26. Computer Programs Box and Whisker Plots Interquartile range - midspread Outlier Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

27. Interpretation The process of making pertinent inferences and drawing conclusions concerning the meaning and implications of a research investigation Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.