1. Topic 4 – Pgs. 324-336

2.  A margin of safety are the limits that ensure the safe performance of a structure  Pictures of highway signs

3.  Testing usually pushes a structure to the extreme  Monitoring allows use to keep track of the stronger and weaker parts of a structure

4.  Climatic conditions  Think of houses built in areas where hurricanes are common  Terrain conditions  Soft or shifting soil can spell disasterdisaster  Earthquake risk  Special designs help stabilize structures affected by earthquakes

5.  Corrugation  Using a material that is formed into wave-like ridges or folds Commonly used in cardboard and metal  Lamination  Gluing layers of material together to create a strong bond Think of laminated paper

6.  Remember what shape is the strongest?  Using trusses or arches can improve strength  See page 330 for examples

8.  1. Cost  How much are the materials?  How much to build it?  How much to operate it?  2. Benefits  What are the benefits and who will enjoy the benefits?  3. Safety  Are there safety risks?  How do we prevent these risks?  4. Environmental Impact  What steps can be taken to reduce environmental harm?  How will waste materials be disposed of?