1. Knowledge Utilization: The Nursing Knowledge System By Paul J Graham MA MLIS Research Associate/Librarian Social Research Unit Department of Sociology

2. Agenda Background Information Knowledge Utilization and Policy Implementation KUPI at the University of Saskatchewan My role in the KUPI group Information Retrieval How do you find these resources? What examples are out there? Organization of Information Using bibliographic Software Using a Faceted Analysis Applying Research Nursing Knowledge System What’s happening here at the University?

3. Background Information : A Knowledge Utilization Project Knowledge Utilization and Policy Implementation (KUPI) Knowledge Utilization and Policy Implementation (KUPI) Carole A. Estabrooks (PI), Rejean Landry, Harley Dickinson, Karen Golden-Biddle Carole A. Estabrooks (PI), Rejean Landry, Harley Dickinson, Karen Golden-Biddle Funder: CIHR Funder: CIHR The purpose of this research program is to develop theoretical foundations for knowledge utilization (KU) to enable relevant knowledge use by practitioners and decision-makers. It draws on four distinct disciplinary perspectives and applies multi- methods and multi-level analysis to existing datasets. The purpose of this research program is to develop theoretical foundations for knowledge utilization (KU) to enable relevant knowledge use by practitioners and decision-makers. It draws on four distinct disciplinary perspectives and applies multi- methods and multi-level analysis to existing datasets. The research questions addressed are: The research questions addressed are: How do the determinants of KU vary across levels of decision-making? How do the determinants of KU vary across levels of decision-making? How is KU accomplished in organizations? How is KU accomplished in organizations? How does KU shape policy implementation? How does KU shape policy implementation?

4. Background Information : KUPI at the University of Saskatchewan Dr. Dickinson, Dept of Sociology, U of S Dr. Dickinson, Dept of Sociology, U of S Working with Knowledge System Framework to Working with Knowledge System Framework to Develop a theory of KS Processes of Knowledge Production-Transfer-Use Develop a theory of KS Processes of Knowledge Production-Transfer-Use Research Team includes Research Team includes Liz Quinlan (CIHR PDF), William Boateng (PhD candidate), Kelly Chessie (PhD student), Cara Spence (MA Student), Aoub Alagasham (MA Student), Fleur McQueen-Smith (MA Students) Liz Quinlan (CIHR PDF), William Boateng (PhD candidate), Kelly Chessie (PhD student), Cara Spence (MA Student), Aoub Alagasham (MA Student), Fleur McQueen-Smith (MA Students)

5. Background Information : The Wide and Savage Sea in the Knowledge Society

6. Information Retrieval : The Facts about Knowledge Utilization Terminological Tangle Transfer, Utilization, Translation, Dissemination, Distribution, Diffusion, Uptake, Bridging the gap, research utilization, implementation research, etc. Mode 2, Post Normal Science, Triple Helix “Two Communities Metaphors” “Sticky Knowledge” “Communities of Practice” “Epistemic Culture” Cross-disciplinary Web of Science, CINAHL, Academic Search Premier Various Studies Organizational, Individual, Gender, Technological The Literature is full of various terminology, theories, and concepts.

7. Information Retrieval : Bibliometric Example of Knowledge Utilization Estabrooks et al. (2004). Mapping the Field: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Research Utilization Literature in Nursing Development of RU by Nurse Scholars Iowa Model of Research in Practice, Collaborative Research Model Ottawa Model of Research Use, Multidimensional Framework Top Journals Journal of Advanced Nursing, Nursing Standard, Journal of Nursing Administration, Nursing Clinics of North America Important Authors Cheryl Stetler, Jo Anne Horsley, Carole Estabrooks

8. Information Retrieval : Bibliometric Example of Knowledge Utilization Important Findings Limited research transfer: only 2% of the references in the clinical research utilization literature were references to research articles More than 60% of the references in articles are to research by nurses (Nurses citing Nurse Scholarship) 40% of references citing external sources. The scholarship is not completely insular.

9. Information Retrieval : Bibliometric Example of Knowledge Utilization Meijers et al. (2006). Assessing the relationships between contextual factors and research utilization in Nursing Investigating Factors The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on studies reporting a relationship between contextual factors and research utilization by nurses in clinical practice Contextual Factors included: Time, Access to research, leadership, authority, culture, structure, support, incentives, skills, education, size of hospital, professionalism, communication, innovation champion Results No single study was assessed to be of high methodological quality Identified 10 study findings that had a statistically significant relationship with research utilization: Role, Access, organizational climate, multifaceted support, time, Education

10. Information Retrieval : Bibliometric Example of Knowledge Utilization Measures of Research Utilization, whose validity is clearly demonstrated, are needed. One approach to enhancing interpretation is to provide nurses with a clear definition of research utilization before they complete a survey More theory and research are needed to conceptualize and measure nursing context. Observational and intervention studies with less reliance on self-report would strengthen the evidence obtained from research in this field. The impact of research utilization on patient outcomes has to be assessed, as well as the sustainability of practice changes when implementing research findings.

11. Information Retrieval : Nursing Students and Research Ax, Susanne (2001). Nursing Students’ Perceptions of Research: Usefulness, Implementation and Training Stresses the Research Component of Nursing in Britain Purpose of Study Investigate Nursing Student perceptions on the usefulness, implementation, & interest surrounding research use Investigate Nursing training in structure and design of classes, reading materials, personal study and stress Methodology One to one Interviews of 13 Nursing Students Findings Improving Practice by testing assumptions of current practice Students voiced difficulties in making suggestions for change Feeling of a lack of understanding, a disconnect to application

12. Information Retrieval : Nursing Students and Research Few students indicated that they employed their research knowledge or skills in practice. Some students suggested that it was useful to know how to search the literature before going on a clinical placement Few were actually involved in a research project at the time of the interview. A separation of Scientific Research and Information Retrieval skills was not clear. Many Nursing students had complained about the early introduction of research into the curriculum. Some reported increased anxiety.

13. Information Retrieval : What is Important from this Section? KU is a Widely Dispersed and Terminologically Diverse Field KU is a Widely Dispersed and Terminologically Diverse Field KU Bibliometric Studies can help you understand this field and the Challenges for Nursing KU Bibliometric Studies can help you understand this field and the Challenges for Nursing Additionally, it is clear you have a role for being involved as Nurse Scholars publishing your works, being involved Additionally, it is clear you have a role for being involved as Nurse Scholars publishing your works, being involved

14. Organization of Information : Why Should we Care?

15. Organization of Information : Bibliographic Software Endnote Endnote Collecting and searching resources Collecting and searching resources Organization of Resources Organization of Resources User Friendly User Friendly RefWorks RefWorks Good for initially capturing resources to edit and review for a project Good for initially capturing resources to edit and review for a project Excellent for sharing knowledge across a team based work. Excellent for sharing knowledge across a team based work.

16. Organization of Information : RefWorks The Good The Good Download results from Google Scholar Download results from Google Scholar Search, Browse and edit references Search, Browse and edit references Produce Bibliographies in various styles Produce Bibliographies in various styles Share Information with a team working on the same project Share Information with a team working on the same project The Bad The Bad Hierarchies (a folder within a folder) are not possible Hierarchies (a folder within a folder) are not possible Controls are not yet user friendly Controls are not yet user friendly

17. Organization of Information : Finding RefWorks Software

19. Organization of Information : Login with your NSID and Password Use your NSID and Password

20. Organization of Information : Endnote: Organizational Strategy Use Reference Types to organize your references Use Reference Types to organize your references Compose your own classification system for information retrieval Compose your own classification system for information retrieval Caution : contents may cause you to be an extremely organized person

21. Organization of Information : Typical Endnote File

22. Organization of Information : Typical Components of the Reference

24. Organization of Information : Bonus Features for Organization

25. Select “Edit” And “Preferences”

26. Organization of Information : EDIT REFERENCE TYPES Your Preference options dialog box appears

27. Organization of Information : Modify REFERENCE TYPES Select “Reference Types” And “Modify Reference Types”

28. Organization of Information : ADD YOUR CONTENT TO REFERENCE TYPES Use the Custom Fields to design your own classification system. All of the Features for “Journal” appears for you to edit as you like.

29. Organization of Information : YOUR Custom Fields REFERENCE TYPES Notice the “Custom Fields”

30. Organization of Information : YOUR Custom Fields REFERENCE TYPES Notice that I’ve typed in elements Important to my Work!

31. Organization of Information : YOUR Custom Fields REFERENCE TYPES Notice the multiple resources that can be organized

32. Organization of Information : YOUR Custom Fields REFERENCE TYPES Press the “Apply” button and you’re ready to go!

33. Organization of Information : YOUR Custom Fields REFERENCE TYPES You’re classification now appears!

34. Organization of Information : YOUR Custom Fields REFERENCE TYPES Knowledge Utilization Structure

35. Organization of Information : Faceted Analysis Filing Term Filing Term Knowledge Utilization-Health-Conceptual Knowledge Utilization-Health-Conceptual Knowledge Translation-Empirical Knowledge Translation-Empirical Knowledge Transfer-Health-Empirical Knowledge Transfer-Health-Empirical Keywords Keywords Nursing, Healthcare, Nursing, Healthcare, CIHR Funded CIHR Funded Yes or No Yes or No

36. Organization of Information : What is Important from this Section? Organization is necessary for your academic work and especially in Knowledge Utilization Organization is necessary for your academic work and especially in Knowledge Utilization Using Bibliographic software is the most efficient way to organize your work Using Bibliographic software is the most efficient way to organize your work You can use Bibliographic software to classify your work You can use Bibliographic software to classify your work

37. Research Application : Now What?!

38. Research Application : Knowledge Systems Knowledge Systems Thinking Knowledge Systems Thinking Holzner and Marx, 1979 Knowledge System represents the different, but sometimes overlapping, processes in society that involve knowledge production, organization, Transfer, Application and/or Implementation Knowledge System represents the different, but sometimes overlapping, processes in society that involve knowledge production, organization, Transfer, Application and/or Implementation Von Bertalanffy, 1968 Systems Theory involves an interconnectedness of processes, to do science is to have a knowledge system. Systems Theory involves an interconnectedness of processes, to do science is to have a knowledge system.

39. Research Application : Knowledge System Research Application : Knowledge System Implementation Production Management Transfer Utilization Knowledge System Holzner & Marx, 1979

40. Research Application : Knowledge System Knowledge Management Strategy Hansen et al. (1999) “What’s your Strategy for Managing Knowledge” in Harvard Business Review Knowledge is divided up into Tacit (People to People) and Codified (Documents to People) For your organization to excel, you must selection one strategy over the other, either codified or tacit Your decision must be based on an 80/20 split Hansen’s framework for the study investigated helath organizations as well as business.

41. Research Application : Nursing Knowledge System Application Dr. Liz Quinlan, Sociology Department Dr. Liz Quinlan, Sociology Department With Hansen’s study in mind, a framework of codified vs. Tacit knowledge is considered for reinterpretation of a Nursing Survey. With Hansen’s study in mind, a framework of codified vs. Tacit knowledge is considered for reinterpretation of a Nursing Survey. She reviewed the Knowledge Transfer and Utilization literature She reviewed the Knowledge Transfer and Utilization literature She found that: She found that: Codified Knowledge strategy is the most effective in improving health outcomes Codified Knowledge strategy is the most effective in improving health outcomes

42. Research Application : Nursing Knowledge Management Strategy Organizational support for Innovation Codified KM strategy (people to documents) Personalized KM strategy (people to people) Nurses’ job satisfaction and sense of well-being Patient health outcomes h1 h4 h3 h4 h2 Key Component

43. Research Application : Nursing Knowledge Management Strategy Exhaustion Job Satisfaction Innovation Codified KM Personalized KM: Nurse-to-Nurse Nurse-to-Mgt Nurse-to-Drs Patient Outcomes Key Element

44. Research Application : What is important from this Section? The Knowledge System concept Sees the current Knowledge Society in terms of the institutions, processes, and actors involved in the production, management, application and implementation of Knowledge Nurses in the Knowledge System Nurse Scholarship in different sections of the Knowledge System How do nurses… Produce Knowledge Use Knowledge Share Knowledge Relationships with… Other Nurses/Clinicians Interdisciplinary Teams

45. Concluding Thoughts : What should you get out of this talk? Information Retrieval Information Retrieval Re-emphasized the need for quality information skills for finding KU resources as well as championing your own career. Re-emphasized the need for quality information skills for finding KU resources as well as championing your own career. Organization of Information Organization of Information To be efficient, you must be organized; embrace the new technologies. To be efficient, you must be organized; embrace the new technologies. Make them relevant to you. Make them relevant to you. Application of Research Application of Research Think of yourself within a Knowledge System Think of yourself within a Knowledge System Consider the different System Strategies Consider the different System Strategies Imagine your role in the Knowledge System Imagine your role in the Knowledge System

46. Thank you What will your role be in the Health Knowledge system? What skills will you need in the Health Knowledge system? How can Knowledge Utilization assist you in your life goals in the Health Knowledge System?