1. Unit 3: Industrialization and Nationalism

2. Early Conflicts  Independence from Spain – 1821  Under rule of Antonio de Santa Anna (1833-1855)  Benito Juarez came to power & tried to reform economy, 1855  Led to civil war (1858-1861) Second Mexican Empire, 1864-1867  1861 – French Emperor Napoleon III est. puppet govt. under Maximilian (Austrian Archduke)  Maximilian executed after French withdrew troops  Mexico re-established republic under B.Juarez

3.  Juarez died & Porfirio Diaz took over  Est. dictatorship that favored wealthy  Imprisoned opponent- reformer Francisco Madero  Madero released, fled to US, and starts rebellion  Supported by Pancho Villa & Emilio Zapata, who led raids against Diaz govt.  Madero elected president in 1912 but soon overthrown by army (Gen. Victoriano Huerta)  Both Villa & Zapata attacked Huerta’s army in protest  U.S. Marines sent to restore order in 1912

4. 1914: Huerta resigns / Venustiano Carranza became new president  U.S. recognized Carranza govt. but Villa & Zapata start another civil war  Villa attacks Texas towns to discourage U.S.  US Army chases Villa back into Mexico but fail to catch him  Villa agrees to stop attacks by 1920  1917- Carranza works to reform Mexico but unable to lead them out of poverty Venustiano Carranza

6.  1860s – Cuba fought for independence from Spain  Spain exiled revolutionary leaders  Jose Marti inspires Cuban revolutionaries from NYC  1895- Marti founds Cuban Revolutionary Party, returns to Cuba, joins uprising against Spanish  Spain overreact; tries to crush rebellion, killing Marti  Spanish Gen. Valeriano “Butcher” Weyler est. concentration camps & commits atrocities

7.  U.S. sympathy for Cuba  Seen as “freedom fighters”  Power of press – yellow journalism  “Remember the Maine”  Feb. 1898 – USS Maine explodes in Havana Harbor  Papers blame Spanish espionage  “A Splendid Little War”  U.S. easily defeated Spain in Cuba & Philippines in less than 3 months  U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, & Philippines in treaty; Cuba becomes U.S. protectorate (Platt Amendment)

8.  Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, rebel against U.S. imperialism  Believed they would be independent after Spanish control  Over 200,000 Filipinos killed! ; Revolt failed  U.S. controls Philippines till 1935

9.  1880s–French began construction; bogged down  U.S. bought land in 1903 but Colombia (in control over Panama) refused to let U.S. build  Pres. T. Roosevelt encouraged revolution to overthrow Colombian govt. & make Panama independent country  Revolution successful & U.S. given permission to continue with canal  Completed in 1914 (made trip from CA to NY 8,000 mi. shorter)

10. The U.S. Warns Europe  1823 – Monroe Doctrine issued declaring the Americas to be off limits to Europe  By late 1800s, Europe economically involved in Latin America  T.R. developed Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine; U.S. would use military force to keep Europe out The U.S. Intervenes in Latin American Affairs  US will send troops several times in 1900s to keep stability in area  Haiti, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, & Cuba  Took over control of these nations’ finances to keep Europe out & “prevent financial chaos”