1. Title Words and Cognitive/Epistemic Structure of Science Staša Milojević Indiana University School of Library and Information Science smilojev@indiana.edu

2. Science as heterogeneous sociotechnical network Adapted from: Akera, A. (2007) Constructing a representation for an ecology of knowledge: Methodological advances in the integration of knowledge and its various contexts. Social Studies of Science, 37(3), 413-441

3. Scientific documents  Key element in practice of science (Callon, Courtial, Turner & Banin 1983; Latour & Woolgar 1986)  Shared conceptual system of scientific communities expressed through the terminology used in documents.  Disciplines/fields exist through a medium of ordered language.

4. Document titles  Function as “attention triggers” (Bazerman 1985,1989)  Have undergone a change during the 20 th century, becoming  More informative  More specific  Containing a larger number of words that indicate article content

5. Leydesdorff (1989) : “title words seem to offer a means of making visible the internal cognitive structure” (p. 217) of a discipline.

6. Selecting terms for analysis  Identification of stop words and nonspecific words  Identification of unique words  Identification of phrases and construction of joint word/phrase list

7. Data analysis approaches  Relative word frequency analysis  Co-word analysis and hierarchical clustering  Multidimensional scaling analysis

8. Heatmap of 100 most frequent terms against LIS journals. Milojević, S., Sugimoto, C. R., Yan, E. and Ding, Y. (2011), The cognitive structure of Library and Information Science: Analysis of article title words. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. doi: 10.1002/asi.21602

9. Spatial correlation of Library and Information Science journals based on the 100 most frequent article title terms. Milojević, S., Sugimoto, C. R., Yan, E. and Ding, Y. (2011), The cognitive structure of Library and Information Science: Analysis of article title words. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. doi: 10.1002/asi.21602

10. Multidimensional scaling diagram between the terms and publication time periods. Milojević, S., Sugimoto, C. R., Yan, E. and Ding, Y. (2011), The cognitive structure of Library and Information Science: Analysis of article title words. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. doi: 10.1002/asi.21602

11. Spatial correlation of time periods (individual years) based on the multidimensional scaling of 100 most frequently occurring article title terms in nanotechnology articles Milojević, S..(in preparation), The formation and development of nanoscience/nanotechnology: Analysis of article title words

12. Heatmap of the term “scanning tunneling microscopy”. Diffusion of the term through nanotechnology subfields. PC3 = Physics and chemistry other (e.g. geochemistry & geophysics) => M5 = Materials science => MD2 = Medicine => B2 = Biophysics. Milojević, S. (in preparation), The formation and development of nanoscience/nanotechnology: What can we learn from article title words?

13. Thank you! Staša Milojević Indiana University, Bloomington SLIS 1320 E. 10th Street, LI Room 019 Bloomington, IN 47405-3907, USA http://www.slis.indiana.edu/faculty/smiloje v/ smilojev@indiana.edu Acknowledgement: Certain data included herein are derived from Nanobank (Lynne G. Zucker and Michael R. Darby, Nanobank Data Description, release 1.0 (beta-test), Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Center for International Science, Technology, and Cultural Policy and Nanobank, Jan 17, 2007.) and from the Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index of the Institute for Scientific Information®, Inc. (ISI®), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: © Copyright Institute for Scientific Information®, Inc. 2006. All rights reserved.