1. Acids and Bases

2. Properties of Acids Have a sour taste Changes colors of substances called indicators Aqueous Solutions are electrolytes (conduct electricity) React with metals: Zn + 2 HCl  ZnCl 2 + H 2 Reacts with carbonates: 2HCl + Na 2 CO 3  2NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2 Have at least one hydrogen atom attached to a negative ion. Reacts with ( - OH) to form water pH below 7

3. Naming Acids Hydrogen comes first you know it’s an acid The second part determines the name –Ends in “ide”… Acid name begins with hydro, the stem of the anion has the suffix “ic” and then acid is on the end –Ends in “ite”… The stem of the anion has the suffix “ous” and then acid is on the end –Ends in “ate”… The stem of the anion has the suffix “ic” and then acid is on the end –Practice problems 1-5 pg 579

4. Properties of Bases Have a bitter taste Changes colors of indicators Feels slippery Reacts with (H+) to form water pH above 7 No special naming structure just normal rules

5. Hydrogen Ions and Acidity Hydrogen Ions from Water –Water self-ionizes H 2 O + H 2 O  H 3 O+ + - OH or H 2 O  H + + - OH –When water self-ionizes [H+] = [ - OH] = 1.0 x 10 -7 –Kw = [H+][ - OH] = (1.0 x 10 -7 )(1.0 x 10 -7 ) = 1.0 x 10 -14 –Acid solutions-substance is added to water to increase [H+] so [H+] >1.0 x 10 -7 –Basic solutions-substance is added to water to increase [ - OH] so [ - OH] >1.0 x 10 -7 Practice problems #6-7 pg 582

6. The pH Concept pH is a measurement of the acidity of solutions. pH=-log [H+] If pH>7 the solution is basic. If pH<7 the solution is acidic. If pH=7 the solution is neutral. pOH is a measurement of the basicity of solutions. pOH=-log [OH-] pH + pOH = 14. Also [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 Practice problems #8, 9 and 12, 13 pg 586 and 588

7. Continuing with pH To determine, molarity of the hydrogen ion Since pH=-log [H + ] then –pH=log [H + ] and then anti log –pH = [H + ] so to enter into the calculator push 2 nd log (-pH) Practice problems #10-11, 14-15 on pg 593

8. Measuring pH Indicators –For approximate, preliminary or for small samples –Chemicals that react with [H + ] or [-OH] ions to produce color changes –Often affected by temperature –Solutions that are colored are more difficult to test –Examples… Phenothalein Methyl Red Bromothymol Blue Litmus Paper pH Paper Universal Indicator Cabbage Juice And others…

9. pH meter or probe –For measuring precise and continuous values –Have to be calibrated by immersing electrode in a known pH solution

10. Acid Strength Strong Acids –Strong acids dissociate completely in water: HCl, HBr, HI, HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, HClO 4 –HCl + H 2 O  H 3 O+ + Cl -. This reaction does not reach equilibrium because all of the HCl dissociates. –What is the pH of a solution if 0.10 mol of HCl is dissolved in 250 mL water? Since HCl is a strong acid, it will all dissociate. The initial [HCl] is 0.10 mol/0.25 L = 0.040 M. Since 1 HCl forms 1 H 3 O+, the [H 3 O+] = 0.040 M Since [H3O+] = 0.040 M, pH = -log 0.040 = 1.4

11. Weak Acids –Weak acids do not dissociate completely in water. See Appendix D (Table 20.8 pg 602) for partial list of weak acids. –Acetic acid dissociates according to: CH 3 COOH(aq) + H 2 O(l)  H 3 O+(aq) + CH 3 COO-(aq) and will reach equilibrium! –We can write a special equilibrium expression for weak acids: HA(aq) + H 2 O(l)  H 3 O+(aq) + A-(aq) Keq = [H 3 O+] [A-] [HA] [H 2 O] –In weak acids, [H 2 O] is large and remains constant so Keq X [H 2 O] = a constant we call Ka so Ka = [H 3 O+] [A-] [HA]

12. Calculations for weak acids –What is the [H3O+] in a 0.20 M solution of acetic acid? CH 3 COOH(aq) + H 2 O(l)  H 3 O+(aq) + CH 3 COO-(aq) Ka = [H 3 O+] [CH 3 COO-] Ka = 1.8 x 10 -5 [CH 3 COOH] [H3O+] [CH3COO-] [CH3COOH] [initial] 0 0 0.20 [final] x x0.20 – x 1.8 x 10 -5 = (x) (x) 0.20 – x This can be solved using the quadratic formula OR since so little acetic acid dissociates, 0.20-x = 0.20 1.8 x 10 -5 = x 2 x = 1.9 x 10 -3 M 0.20

13. What is the % ionization? % ionization = [H3O+] x 100 initial [CH3COOH] = 1.9 x 10-3 x 100 = 1.0% 0.20 What is the pH? pH = -log [H3O+] = -log 1.9 x 10-3 = 2.7 What is the [H3O+] in a 0.20 M solution of methanoic acid acid? What is the % dissociation? What is the pH? What is the [H3O+] in a 0.50 M solution of benzoic acid? What is the % dissociation? What is the pH?

14. A 0.085 M solution of phenylacetic acid (HC 8 H 7 O 2 ) is found to have a pH of 2.68. Calculate the Ka value for this acid. HC 8 H 7 O 2 (aq) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + C 8 H 7 O 2 -(aq) Ka = [H3O+] [C 8 H 7 O 2 -] [HC 8 H 7 O 2 ] [H3O+] = antilog (-2.68) = 2.09 x 10-3 [C 8 H 7 O 2 -] = [H3O+] (one-to-one ratio from equation) [HC 8 H 7 O 2 ] =.085 – 2.09 x 10-3 = 8.3 x 10-3 Ka = (2.09 x 10-3)(2.09 x 10-3) = 5.3 x 10-4 8.3 x 10-3 A 0.10 M solution of lactic acid (HC3H5O3) has a pH of 2.44. Calculate the Ka.