1. Urban Water Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management Peter Krebs Dresden, 2010 0 Global water aspects Introduction to urban water management Basics for systems description Water transport Matter transport Introduction to water supply Water extraction Water purification Water distribution Introduction to wastewater disposal Urban drainage 1Wastewater treatment 2Sludge treatment

2. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 2 6 Water extraction 6.1 Raw water composition 6.2 Filter well 6.3 Other extraction facilities Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management Peter Krebs Urban Water

3. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 3 6 Water extraction 6.1 Raw water composition 6.2 Filter well 6.3 Other extraction facilities Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management Peter Krebs Urban Water

4. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 4 pH-value: Ferric (Fe): Manganese (Mn): 5 – 6,5 1 –10 mg/l 0,2 – 1 mg/l Oxygen (O 2 ):< 1 mg/l  Typical ranges:  Additional anthropogenic loads: Agriculture:Nitrate (NO 3 - ), pesticides Industry (Air and wastewater): Organic compounds, ammonia, acid rain  dissolution of metals (e.g. aluminium) Characteristics of groundwater

5. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 5 GeologyLocation pHO2O2 FeMnK B 8,2 Hard- ness K S 4,3 mg/l mol/m 3 °dHmol/m 3 CrystallineGotteszell6,010,8––0,30,60,1 SandstoneHeldmann-berg7,30,50,30,041,218,96,3 Pleistozene Tettau 5,7...7,1 n.n. 15…2 5 0,1…0, 8 1,0... 2,5 6,0...12,1 0,15... 1,25 Spremberg5,30,027,50,151,65,10,14 Engelsdorf 2 (Leipzig) 7,21,07,60,540,8842,94,48 Lommatzsch7,2< 0,57,50,51,6136,68,21 GravelMunich7,210,50,01–0,4314,34,4 Ground and spring water

6. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 6 ParameterUnit Wahnbach (Siegelsknippen) Klingenberg (Coschütz) Muldenberg (Muldenberg) Temperature°C 3,8…6,74,0…14,50,7…12,8 pH-value– 6,8...7,16,6...7,74,3...4,9 Oxygenmg/l 5,9...11,17,8...12,35,8...12,9 DOCmg/l 0,48...1,272,2...2,62,0 SAC 436 nmm -1 0,06...0,080,14...0,46< 0,1...0,4 TurbidityTE/F 0,48...1,270,3...1,80,43...2,5 AOXmg/l < 0,01< 0,01...0,018< 0,0015 K S 4,3 mol/m³ 0,43...0,500,15...0,40,01...0,03 Hardnessmol/m³ 0,7...0,80,5...0,70,17...0,19 Aluminiummg/l 0,02...0,27< 0,02...0,160,62...0,96 Nitratemg/l 16...1712...192,0...3,6 Ferric, totalmg/l < 0,01...0,03< 0,05...0,12< 0,17...0,60 Manganesemg/l 0,01...0,190,024...0,140,48...0,59 Arsenicµg/l < 0,51,0...2,9< 1,0 Colonies no. at 20 °Cml -1 22...14900... > 10000...528 Coliformes1/100 ml 0...1200 Water of a dam

7. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 7 ParameterUnit Elbe (Hosterwitz) Donau at Leipheim Mean 2001 Temperature°C 0,6…22,510,4 pH-value– 7,3...8,68,12 Oxygenmg/l 4,4...11,810,51 DOCmg/l 4,6...6,62,85 SAC 436 nmm -1 0,65...1,9n.b. TurbidityTE/F 34...1408,48 AOXmg/l 0,022...0,1990,012 K S 4,3 mol/m³ 1,2...2,154,27 Hardnessmol/m³ 1,4...2,12,5 Aluminiummg/l 0,025...0,820,04 Nitratemg/l 16...3013,7 Ferricmg/l 0,25...4,40,02 Manganesemg/l < 0,02...0,51< 0,0050 Arsenicµg/l 2,5...3,30,00014 Colonies no. at 20 °Cml -1 1000... > 168 0005651 Coliforms1/100 ml > 240013393 River water

8. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 8 ParameterUnit Lake of Constance (60 m depth) Mean 2000 Temperature°C 5,1 pH-value– 8,05 Oxygenmg/l 10,6 DOCmg/l 1,3 SAC 254 nmm -1 3,1 SAC 436 nmm -1 Not detectable TurbidityFNU 0,51 AOXmg/l 0,006 K S 4,3 mol/m³ 2,52 K B 8,2 mol/m³ 0,03 Hardness°dH 8,97 Aluminiummg/l 0,0085 Nitratemg/l 4,5 Ferricmg/l 0,010 Manganesemg/l 0,0009 Arsenicmg/l 0,0013 Lake water

9. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 9 ParameterRiver waterBank filtrate Coliforms < 29.000< 640(per 100 ml) E. Coli< 2.000< 4(pro 100 ml) Temperature3,5 – 23,49,7 – 16,5(°C) O2O2 10,15,2(g/m 3 ) CO 2 2,36,5(g/m 3 ) NH 4 + -N< 0,055< 0,016(g/m 3 ) Biomass< 7< 0,02(g/m 3 ) River bank filtrate typical values from Zurich

10. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 10 6 Water extraction 6.1 Raw water composition 6.2 Filter well 6.3 Other extraction facilities Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management Peter Krebs Urban Water

11. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 11 Often good quality and relatively simple purification Aquifer is a large storage unit and levels out variations in extraction Supporting filter layers against wash-out of sand from neighbouring ground The smaller the well‘s diameter, the more serious is the danger silting up Maintenance against clogging Characteristics of groundwater

12. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 12 Undisturbed GW- level QWQW concentric flow Rain Impervious ground Water extraction: filter well

13. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 13 v Flow velocity related to total cross section (L/T) k Permeability factor (L/T) J Slope of groundwater table (-) h Local depth of aquifer (L) r Distance from centre of well (L) Groundwater flow with Performance of a filter well (i)

14. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 14 Q W Extraction flow rate (L 3 /T) Q R Rain-induced inflow to balance volume (L 3 /T) Q GW Groundwater inflow to balance volume (L 3 /T) Mean rain intensity over year (L/T) Continuity Range of well: dh/dr = 0 or Performance of a filter well (ii)

15. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 15 r W Radius of Well (L) h W Water depth in well (L) H Undisturbed depth of aquifer (L) Continuity Limitation of flow velocity or  Q W = max, if h W  0 Neighbouring ground is washed out Performance of a filter well (iii)

16. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 16 Natural ground Steel filter pipe Supporting sand- and gravel layers Filter pipe with supporting layers

17. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 17 Horizontal intake QWQW Undisturbed GW-table Horizontal filter well

18. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 18 6 Water extraction 6.1 Raw water composition 6.2 Filter well 6.3 Other extraction facilities Department of Hydro Sciences, Institute for Urban Water Management Peter Krebs Urban Water

19. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 19 Infiltration Collection shaft Overflow To supply area Aquifer Spring water abstraction Spring water extraction

20. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 20 „Buchbrunnenquelle“ (Foto von Steinmetz, M.) Spring water intake

21. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 21 Dam with multiple intake

22. Urban Water Chapter 6 Water extraction © PK, 2010 – page 22 Intake with Fish screen 30 - 60 m deep 10 m above ground Raw water pumping station Sediments, Partly loose Rock Lake water intake