1. Reducing the Risk of STDs
Lesson 46 Part 1

2. Objectives
Discuss the causes and methods of transmission of common STDs.
Discuss the symptoms, diagnoses, and treatments of common STDs.
Analyze the long-term effects of common STDs.
Analyze ways to prevent infection from STSs.
Discuss the progression of HIV infection to AIDS.
Identify treatment and prevention strategies for HIV and AIDS.
List tests used to determine the presence of HIV.

3. Key Terms Sexually Transmitted disease (STD) Chlamydia Gonorrhea
Herpes
Genital Warts
Pubic Lice
Thrush
Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS)
Western Blot
HIV Negative

4. Bacterial STDs Chlamydia The most common bacterial STD in the US.
Caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.
Produced inflammation of the reproductive organs.

5. Chlamydia Methods of Transmission
Spread by intimate sexual contact with an infected partner.
A pregnant female may pass the infection to her newborn baby during delivery.
Bacteria can enter the baby’s eyes or lungs during delivery.
Baby can become blind or develop pneumonia.

6. Chlamydia Symptoms Usually appear 1-3 weeks after exposure. Males
½ of infected males have no symptoms, but still can infect a sexual partner.
Painful urination
Discharge from them penis.
Pain or swelling in the scrotum.
Females
¾ of infected females have no symptoms.
Burning sensation during urination.
Unusual discharge from the vagina.

7. Chlamydia Diagnosis Treatment
Discharge is sampled and examined for presence of Chlamydia bacteria.
Treatment
Antibiotics
Follow up visit to assure infection is cured.
All sexual partners of infected persons should be checked and treated.

8. Chlamydia Complications Females Males
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Scarring of the Fallopian tubes or oviducts…causing infertility.
Ectopic pregnancy (tubal pregnancy)-occurs when a fertilized egg implants in a Fallopian tube instead of in the uterus…fatal.
Males
Untreated Chlamydia can lead to infertility.

10. Syphilis Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.
Bacterium enters the body through tiny breaks in the mucous membranes and then burrows its way into the bloodstream.
Spread by intimate sexual contact with an infected partner.
Spread from a pregnant female to her fetus.

11. Symptoms Symptoms (cont) First State-Primary Syphilis
Chancre-a painless, open sore that appears at the site where the bacteria entered the body, such as the genitals or the mouth.
Appear within 10 days the 3 months after exposure.
May go unnoticed if inside the body.
Very contagious.
Chancres will disappear within a few weeks whether or not an infected person is treated.
Pathogens remain in the body and disease progresses into Secondary Syphilis.
Symptoms (cont)
Second State-Secondary Syphilis
Skin rash
Begins as early as a week after chancre appears.
Fever
Tiredness
Headache
Sore throat
Swollen lymph glands
Weight loss
Loss of hair
Symptoms will come and go.
Still contagious until treated.

12. Syphilis Diagnosis Treatment
Blood Test to detect bacteria
Treatment
Antibiotics
Once damage is done by syphilis bacteria, it cannot be reversed

13. Syphilis Complications
Secondary syphilis will turn into LATENT SYPHILIS if not treated.
A stage of syphilis in which there are no symptoms, but the bacteria are still present.
Can last for decades.
Last Stage-LATE SYPHILIS or TERTIARY SYPHILIS.
Final stage of syphilis in which bacteria irreversibly damage body organs.
Mental incapacity, blindness, paralysis, heart disease, liver damage, death may occur.
Fetus is at risk.
Miscarriage, still-birth, fetal death.
Birth defects, skin sores, rashes, fever, a swollen liver and spleen, yellowish skin, anemia, high risk of mental retardation.

14. Syphilis

15. Gonorrhea
A highly contagious STD caused by the bacterium Neisseria Gonorrhoeae.
Infects the linings of the genital and urinary tracts of males and females.

16. Gonorrhea Methods of transmission
Spread by intimate sexual contact with an infected person.
Newborns can become infected if bacteria enters eyes during childbirth.

17. Gonorrhea Symptoms-Males Symptoms-Females
White, milky discharge from the penis.
Burning sensation during urination.
Pain and increased urination within 2-5 days after infection.
Some do not experience symptoms.
Person is contagious with or without symptoms.
Symptoms-Females
Many have no symptoms.
Burning sensation during urination.
Yellow discharge from the vagina.
Symptoms usually appear within 10 days of infection.
Some symptoms are very severe.
Abdominal pain
Bleeding between menstrual periods.
Vomiting.
Fever.

18. Gonorrhea Diagnosis Treatment Complications
Microscopic examination of the discharge or analysis of the urine.
Treatment
Antibiotics
Complications
Bacteria can spread into the bloodstream and infect the joints, heart valves, and the brain.
Permanent sterility.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.
Newborn blindness.

19. Herpes
An STD caused by the herpes simplex virus that produces cold sores or fever blisters in the genital area or mouth.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Causes cold sores or fever blisters in the mouth or on the lips.
May also cause genital sores.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2-Causes genital sores, but may also cause sores in the mouth.
Both viruses remain in the body for life.
Infected people will have recurrences of breakouts and are at a greater risk of HIV infection.

20. Herpes Methods of transmission.
Intimate sexual contact with an infected person
Newborns can be infected during birth.

21. Herpes
Symptoms
Occur within 2 weeks after contact with an infected person.
Itching, burning sensation.
Pain in the legs, buttocks, or genital area.
Vaginal discharge.
Feeling of pressure in the abdominal area.
Clusters of small, painful blisters that may develop into open sores…in the genital area.
Symptoms disappear after a few weeks.
Outbreaks will recur throughout an infected person’s life.

22. Herpes Diagnosis Treatment
Made by growing the virus from a swab taken from the ulcers.
Blood tests can be given to detect the presence of antibodies.
Treatment
Antiviral drugs have been approved to relieve symptoms and prevent recurrences.
Do not cure genital herpes.

23. Herpes

24. HPV Human Papillomavirus. The most common type of viral STD in the US.
There are more than 70 known types of HPV.
Some cause genital warts, or wart-like growths on the genitals.
Some types have been linked to cervical cancer.

25. HPV Methods of transmission.
Genital warts are contagious and are spread during intimate sexual contact.
HPV can also be spread during intimate sexual activity even if warts are not present.
Newborn baby can be infected during delivery.

26. HPV
Symptoms
Genital warts may appear after a few weeks or even years after infection.
Can be soft or hard.
Flesh-colored or white.
Resemble a cauliflower.
Usually painless.

27. HPV Diagnosis A physician will inspect the warts.
Pap smear used to collect cells from cervix.
Tests for cervical cancer.
Treatment
Virus-antibiotics cannot cure.
Cannot get rid of warts completely.
May be frozen, burned, or cut off.
Will reappear.

28. HPV

29. Viral Hepatitis A viral infection of the liver.
Hepatitis A(HAV),B (HBV),C (HCV),E (HEV), and Delta Hepatitis (HDV).
Many cases are not a serious threat to health.
Some are long-lasting and can lead to liver failure, liver cancer, and death.

30. Viral Hepatitis Methods of transmission
Spread through intimate sexual contact (HEV).
Spread through sharing contaminated needles (HBV, HCV, HDV).
Spread fecal-orally by contaminated food and water (HAV).
Spread from a pregnant female to her baby (HBV, HCV).

31. Viral Hepatitis Symptoms Many infected people have no symptoms.
Early symptoms are flu-like.
Later symptoms are…
Dark urine
Abdominal pain
Jaundice
Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.

32. Viral Hepatitis Diagnosis Treatments Blood tests Bed rest
Healthful diet
Avoidance of alcoholic beverages.
Drugs may be prescribed to improve liver function.
Vaccines
HAV and HBV

33. Parasitic STDs Caused by organisms that feed off a person’s body.
Pediculosis and Trichomoniasis

34. Pediculosis Pubic Lice An infestation of crab lice.
Lice pierce the skin to feed on human blood.
Bites and waste matter cause itching.
Can contaminate bedding, towels, and toilet seats.
Can live for about 24 hours without feeding.

35. Pediculosis Diagnosis Treatments
Physician must examine the body to find lice and their nits (eggs), which are visible by the naked eye or through a magnifying glass.
Treatments
Prescription or OTC medicated creams or shampoos are used to kill the lice.

36. Pubic Lice

37. Hair infected with Pubic Lice

38. Trichomoniasis A parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis.
Spread through intimate sexual contact.
Most males do not experience symptoms.
Symptoms can include a thin, whitish discharge from the penis and painful or difficult urination.
Half of all infected females have no symptoms.
Symptoms can include yellow-green or gray vaginal discharge that has an unpleasant odor, painful urination, or irritation and itching in the genital area.

39. Trichomoniasis Diagnosis Treatment
Smear of the discharge is examined under a microscope.
Treatment
Drug treatment for both infected partners.

40. Trichomoniasis