1. Acids and Bases
By: Nick Yanik

2. What we will be learning
To determine the difference between Acids and Bases
Discuss the importance of studying acids and bases

3. What is the pH scale?
The pH scale measures how Acidic or how Basic a solution is.

4. The pH scale
The pH scale is the concentration of hydrogen ions in a given substance
pH=-log[H+]
Sadly we will not be doing log calculations for regents chemistry.

5. Identifying Acids Acids have a pH from 0-7
A lower pH value indicates a stronger acid
Neutralizes bases
Corrosive-reacts with most metals to form Hydrogen gas
Good conductors of electricity
Weak acids do not ionize completely: Acetic, Boric, Nitrous, Phosphoric, Sulfurous
Strong acids ionize completely: Hydrochloric, Nitric, Sulfuric, Hydroiodic,

6. Common Acids HCL-Hydrochloric-stomach acid
H2SO4-Sulfuric acid-car batteries
HNO3-nitric acid-explosives
HC2H3O2-acetic acid-vinegar
H2CO3-carbonic acid-sodas
H3PO4-phosphoric acid-flavorings

7. Identifying Bases Bases have a pH from 7-14
A higher pH value indicates a stronger base.
Neutralizes acids
Dissolves fats and oils
Weak Bases-ammonia, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate
Strong bases- sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate, barium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide

8. Common Bases NaOH-sodium hydroxide (LYE)-soaps, drain cleaner
Mg(OH)2-magnesium hydroxide-antacids
Al(OH)3-aluminum hydroxide-antacids, deodorants
NH4OH-ammonium hydroxide-”ammonia”

9. Arrhenius definition of Acids and Bases
An Arrhenius acid is a substance that breaks into [H+] ions in an aqueous solution
An Arrhenius base (alkaline) is a substance that breaks into [OH-] ions in an aqueous solution
Note: aqueous solution is any solution where H2O is the solvent (the substance in a higher quantity that dissolves the other substance)

10. Neutral Substances What happens when the pH of a substance is 7?
A pH level of 7 indicates a neutral substance i.e: Water!

11. Test your knowledge What is the range of an acid on the pH scale? 0-7
What is the range of a base and what is another name for a base?
7-14, Alkaline

12. Characteristics of acids
Acids can be characterized as:
A sour taste
It turns blue litmus paper red
It tastes sour. Try drinking lemon juice (citric acid)

13. Characteristics of Bases
A base is characterized by:
A bitter taste (milk of magnesia)
It feels slippery. (Soapy water)
It turns Red litmus paper Blue

14. Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base theory
A Bronsted-Lowry acid is also considered a “Proton donor” or [H+] donor
A Brontsted-Lowry base is also considered a “Proton acceptor” or [H+] acceptor

15. Conjugate acid-compound formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion
Conjugate base-compound formed when an acid loses a hydrogen ion

16. Buffers
A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acids and bases are added
pH is controlled in situations like: Heartburn, planting vegetables and flowers, fish tanks and ponds, blood, and swimming pools

17. Acid Rain
Pollution in the air (Sulfur Dioxide, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide) combines with water to form various acids