1. Copyright © 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Section 7.3 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean (  Unknown).

2. Copyright © 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Section 7.3 Objectives Find critical values in a t-distribution Use the t-test to test a mean μ when σ is not known Use technology to find P-values and use them with a t-test to test a mean μ.

3. Copyright © 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Finding Critical Values in a t-Distribution 1.Identify the level of significance . 2.Identify the degrees of freedom d.f. = n – 1. 3.Find the critical value(s) using Table 5 in Appendix B in the row with n – 1 degrees of freedom. If the hypothesis test is a.left-tailed, use “One Tail,  ” column with a negative sign, b.right-tailed, use “One Tail,  ” column with a positive sign, c.two-tailed, use “Two Tails,  ” column with a negative and a positive sign..

4. Copyright © 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Example: Finding Critical Values for t Find the critical value t 0 for a left-tailed test given  = 0.05 and n = 21. Solution: The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n – 1 = 21 – 1 = 20. Use Table 5. Look at α = 0.05 in the “One Tail,  ” column. Because the test is left-tailed, the critical value is negative. t 0-1.725 0.05.

5. Copyright © 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Example: Finding Critical Values for t Find the critical values -t 0 and t 0 for a two-tailed test given  = 0.10 and n = 26. Solution: The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n – 1 = 26 – 1 = 25. Look at α = 0.10 in the “Two Tail,  ” column. Because the test is two- tailed, one critical value is negative and one is positive..

6. Copyright © 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 t-Test for a Mean μ (  Unknown) t-Test for a Mean A statistical test for a population mean. Random sample, σ not known The t-test can be used when the population is normally distributed, or n  30. The test statistic is the sample mean The standardized test statistic is t. The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n – 1..

7. Copyright © 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Using P-values for a z-Test for Mean μ (  Unknown) 1.Verify that  is not known, the sample is random, and either: the population is normally distributed or n  30. 2.State the claim mathematically and verbally. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses. 3.Specify the level of significance. State H 0 and H a. Identify . In WordsIn Symbols.

8. Copyright © 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Using P-values for a z-Test for Mean μ (  Unknown) 4.Identify the degrees of freedom. 5.Find the standardized test statistic. 6.Determine the rejection region(s). 7.Find the standardized test statistic and sketch the sampling distribution. Use Table 5 in Appendix B. In WordsIn Symbols. d.f. = n  1

9. Copyright © 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Using P-values for a z-Test for Mean μ (  Unknown) 8.Make a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. 9.Interpret the decision in the context of the original claim. In WordsIn Symbols. If t is in the rejection region, reject H 0. Otherwise, fail to reject H 0.

10. Copyright © 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Example: Testing μ with a Small Sample A used car dealer says that the mean price of a two- year-old sedan is at least $20,500. You suspect this claim is incorrect and find that a random sample of 14 similar vehicles has a mean price of $19,850 and a standard deviation of $1084. Is there enough evidence to reject the dealer’s claim at α = 0.05? Assume the population is normally distributed..

11. Copyright © 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Solution: Testing μ with a σ unknown H 0 : H a : α = df = Rejection Region: Test Statistic: Decision: μ ≥ $20,500 (claim) μ < $20,500 0.05 14 – 1 = 13 At the 0.05 level of significance, there is enough evidence to reject the claim that the mean price of a two- year-old sedan is at least $20,500. Reject H 0.

12. Copyright © 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Example: Hypothesis Testing An industrial company claims that the mean pH level of the water in a nearby river is 6.8. You randomly select 39 water samples and measure the pH of each. The sample mean and standard deviation are 6.7 and 0.35, respectively. Is there enough evidence to reject the company’s claim at α = 0.05? Assume the population is normally distributed..

13. Copyright © 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 Solution: Testing μ with a σ unknown H 0 : H a : α = df = Rejection Region: Test Statistic: Decision: μ = 6.8 (claim) μ ≠ 6.8 0.05 39 – 1 = 38 At the 0.05 level of significance, there is not enough evidence to reject the claim that the mean pH is 6.8. t 0-2.024 0.025 2.024 0.025 -2.0242.024 -1.784 Fail to reject H 0.

14. Copyright © 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Example: Using P-values with t-Tests.

15. Copyright © 2015, 2012, and 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Section 7.3 Summary Found critical values in a t-distribution Used the t-test to test a mean μ when  is not known Used technology to find P-values and used them with a t-test to test a mean μ when  is not known.