1. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION

2. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
ANIMALS INGEST DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOOD IN A VARIETY OF WAYS
CARNIVORES
HERBIVORES
OMNIVORES
SUSPENSION FEEDERS
SUBSTRATE FEEDERS
FLUID FEEDERS
BULK FEEDERS

3. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION

4. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
OVERVIEW: FOOD PROCESSING OCCURS IN FOUR STAGES

5. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
OVERVIEW: FOOD PROCESSING OCCURS IN FOUR STAGES
INGESTION  THE ACT OF EATING
DIGESTION  THE BREAKING DOWN OF FOOD INTO MOLECULES SMALL ENOUGH FOR THE BODY TO ABSORB
MECHANICAL DIGESTION VS CHEMICAL DIGESTION
ABSORPTION  THE CELLS LINING THE DIGESTIVE TRACK TAKE UP (ABSORB) SMALL NUTRIENT MOLECULES
ELIMINATION  UNDIGESTED MATERIAL PASSES OUT THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

6. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
DIGESTION OCCURS IN SPECIALIZED COMPARTMENTS
GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY  A DIGESTIVE COMPARTMENT WITH A SINGLE OPENING
EX. HYDRAS

7. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
DIGESTION OCCURS IN SPECIALIZED COMPARTMENTS
ALIMENTARY CANAL  A TUBE BETWEEN TWO OPENINGS (A MOUTH AND AN ANUS)
PHARYNX
ESOPHAGUS
CROP
STOMACHS AND GIZZARDS
INTESTINE
ANUS

8. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION

9. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF AN ALIMENTARY CANAL AND ACCESSORY GLANDS

10. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
MAIN PARTS
MOUTH
ORAL CAVITY
TONGUE
PHARYNX
ESOPHAGUS
STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE
RECTUM
ANUS

11. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
DIGESTIVE GLANDS (ACCESSORY GLANDS)
SALIVARY GLANDS
PANCREAS
LIVER
GALLBLADDER

12. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
DIGESTION BEGINS IN THE ORAL CAVITY
MECHANICAL DIGESTION  TEETH
CHEMICAL DIGESTION  SALIVA
TONGUE  “BOLUS”
A BALL OF FOOD AND SALIVA MIXED TOGETHER

13. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
THE FOOD AND BREATHING PASSAGE BOTH OPEN INTO THE PHARYNX
TRACHEA  “WINDPIPE”
IN ORDER NOT TO CHOKE, THE TRACHEA MUST BE COVERED TO PREVENT FOOD FROM BLOCKING IT
THANK GOD FOR THE EPIGLOTTIS
SMALL FLAP THAT COVERS THE TRACHEA DURING SWALLOWING

14. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION

15. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
THE ESOPHAGUS SQUEEZES FOOD ALONG TO THE STOMACH
ESOPHAGUS
A MUSCULAR TUBE THAT CONVEYS FOOD BOLUSES FROM THE PHARYNX TO THE STOMACH
2 LAYERS OF MUSCLE
CIRCULAR
LONGITUDINAL
ACTION OF THESE MUSCLES IS INVOLUNTARY AND CAUSES PERISTALSIS
RHYTHMIC WAVES OF CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE IN THE WALLS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
THIS IS WHY YOU CAN SWALLOWING LAYING DOWN, OR EVEN DOING A HANDSTAND!!!!!

16. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
THE STOMACH STORES FOOD AND BREAKS IT DOWN WITH ACID AND ENZYMES

17. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
THE STOMACH STORES FOOD AND BREAKS IT DOWN WITH ACID AND ENZYMES
GASTRIC GLANDS  SECRETE MUCUS, HCl (PARIETAL CELLS), AND PEPSINOGEN (CHIEF CELLS)
INACTIVE FORM OF THE ENZYME…WHY HAVE SUCH A THING??
GASTRIN  A HOROME RELEASED THAT STIMULATES SECRETION OF GASTRIC JUICE
ACID CHYME  A MIXTURE OF THE GASTRIC JUICE AND FOOD
CARDIAC VS PYLORIC SPHINCTER
ESSENTIAL IN PREVENTING ACID FROM ESCAPING THE STOMACH AND BURNING THE SMALL INTESTINES!!!

18. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
SPEAKING OF BURNING
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS CAN CAUSE ULCERS!!
GASTRIC ULCER  OPEN SORES IN THE LINING OF THE STOMACH
ESOPHAGEAL ULCERS  A.K.A. HEARTBURN!!!

19. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
THE SMALL INTESTINE IS THE MAJOR ORGAN OF CHEMICAL DIGESTION AND NUTRIENT ABSORPTION
THE SMALL INTESTINE WORKS IN CONJUCTION WITH ACCESSORY GLANDS
PANCREAS
PRODUCES DIGESTIVE ENZYMES AND AN ALKALINE SOLUTION TO NEUTRALIZE ACID CHYME
LIVER (GALLBLADDER = BILE STORAGE)
PRODUCES BILE
NOT AN ENZYME, BUT A DENSE LIQUID THAT EMULSIFIES (BREAKS INTO SMALLER PIECES) FATS AND MAKES THEM MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO ENZYME ACTION

20. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
THE SMALL INTESTINE IS THE MAJOR ORGAN OF CHEMICAL DIGESTION AND NUTRIENT ABSORPTION
BILE ACTION 

21. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
THE SMALL INTESTINE IS THE MAJOR ORGAN OF CHEMICAL DIGESTION AND NUTRIENT ABSORPTION
THE SMALL INTESTINE IS BROKEN UP INTO THREE SEGMENTS
DUODENOM
JUJENUM
ILEUM

22. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
THE SMALL INTESTINE IS THE MAJOR ORGAN OF CHEMICAL DIGESTION AND NUTRIENT ABSORPTION
MOST OF THE INTERESTING STUFF HAPPENS IN THE DUODENOM (FIRST 25 CM)
ACID CHYME FROM STOMACH MIXES WITH BILE AND PANCREATIC ENZYMES

23. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
THE SMALL INTESTINE IS THE MAJOR ORGAN OF CHEMICAL DIGESTION AND NUTRIENT ABSORPTION
THE INTESTINE IS LINED WITH VILLI

24. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
THE SMALL INTESTINE IS THE MAJOR ORGAN OF CHEMICAL DIGESTION AND NUTRIENT ABSORPTION
THE INTESTINE IS LINED WITH VILLI
SMALL FINGER-LIKE PROJECTIONS, LINE THE WALL OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
INCREASE SURFACE AREA FOR MORE ____________
MICROVILLI
LINE THE VILLI FOR EVEN MORE SURFACE AREA!!!
LACTEALS
SPECIALIZED PROJECTIONS IN THE VILLI SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED FOR LIPID (TRIGLYCERIDE/CHOLESTOL) ABSORPTION

25. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
THE LARGE INTESTINE RECLAIMS WATER
LARGE INTESTINE = COLON
MAIN FUNCTION IS TO ABSORB WATER FROM THE ALIMENTARY CANAL
APPENDIX
SMALL, FINGER-LIKE EXTENSION; CONTAINS A MSS OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND HAS A MINIMAL ROLE IN IMMUNITY
FECES
INDIGESTIBLE MATERIAL
RECTUM
TERMINAL PORTION OF COLON WHERE FECES IS STORED

26. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
ADAPTATIONS OF VERTEBRATE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS REFLECT DIET

27. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
ADAPTATIONS OF VERTEBRATE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS REFLECT DIET
HERBIVOROUS ANIMALS HAVE LONGER DIGESTIVE TRACTS
RUMINANT MAMMALS  HAVE A MORE ELABORATE SYSTEM FOR CELLULAR DIGESTION

28. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
OVERVIEW: A HEALTFUL DIET SATISFIES THREE NEEDS
FUEL TO POWER ALL BODY ACTIVITES
ORGANIC RAW MATERIALS NEEDED TO MAKE THE ANIMAL’S OWN MOLECULES
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS, OR SUBSTANCES THE ANIMAL CANNOT MAKE FOR ITSELF FROM ANY RAW MATERIAL BUT MUST OBTAIN IN PREFABRICATED FORM FROM FOOD

29. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
CHEMICAL ENERGY POWERS THE BODY
KILOCALORIES
THE ENERGY CONTENT OF FOOD MEASUREMENT
BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR)
THE NUMBER OF KILOCALORIES A RESTING ANIMAL REQUIRES TO FUEL THE ESSENTIAL PROCESSES FOR A GIVEN TIME

30. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
A HEALTFUL DIET INCLUDES 13 VITAMINS A.K.A. COENZYMES

31. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
ESSENTIAL MINERALS ARE REQUIRED FOR MANY BODY FUNCTIONS
WHAT ARE MINERALS?

32. NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
SO WE’VE BROKEN DOWN THE FOOD INTO SMALL ENOUGH MOLECULES TO BE ABSORBED INTO CELLS…BUT WHAT ELSE DO WE NEED TO ACCESS THE ENERGY STORED IN THOSE FOOD MOLECULES??
RESPIRATION COMES NEXT!!!!