1. Reporting Category 4

2. TEK 10B  Describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants

3. Tissue Systems Tissue System and Function Component Tissues Location of Tissue Systems Dermal Tissue Protection Prevention of water loss Epidermis Periderm(in older stems and roots) Ground tissue Photosynthesis Food storage Regeneration Support/protection Paranchyma Collenchyma sclerenchyma Vascular tissue Transport of water and minerals Transport of food Xylem phloem

4. Xylem vs. Phloem Xylem Phloem  Process: Transpiration  What is moved: water and minerals from roots to leaves  Structure: columns of hollow, dead reinforced cells  Process: Translocation  What is moved: food substances from leaves to rest of plant  Structure: columns of living cells

5. Transpiration:  Transpiration: water moves up the plant against gravity  Factors that affect the rate of transpiration:  Light (faster)  Temperature (faster at higher temps)  Wind (faster)  Humidity (slower)

6. Plant Response  Tropism: interactions of hormones and stimuli in the environment that results in a bending or turning response in plants; can be positive or negative  Examples  Positive phototropism: plant bends stem towards light source  Negative geotropism: plant stem grows upward (away from the earth)

7. Example Question

8. TEK 9B  Compare the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy and matter

9. Vocabulary  Photosynthesis: a process by which green plants and certain bacteria use the energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen  Cellular Respiration: a process by which cells break down glucose to release stored energy

10. Comparison PhotosynthesisRespiration Equation Location Occurs Result Energy formation

11. Example Question  Photosynthesis and respiration are two important processes. What are the products of each?

12. TEK 9C  Identify and investigate the role of enzymes

13. Main Ideas 1. Enzymes are protein that function as biological catalysts 1. a catalyst is something that speeds up a reaction 2. Enzymes speed up specific metabolic reactions 3. Low contamination, low temperature, and fast metabolism are only possible with enzymes 4. Metabolism is fast, with products made to a high degree of purity 5. Enzymes are recycled-the same enzyme does many reactions

14. Role in Living Things  Enzymes regulate thousands of different metabolic reactions in a cell and in the organism  Cell activity can be altered by removing specific enzymes and/or synthesizing new enzymes

15. Active Site  Aka “Lock and Key” Hypothesis  The active site of an enzyme is designed to match the shape of a specific substrate  When a substrate binds to its enzyme the “enzyme- substrate complex” is formed  The substrate undergoes a chemical change (a NEW product is formed)  The product is released and the enzyme returns to normal ready to start again

16. Enzyme-Substrate Complex

17. Factors that affect activity  Temperature: optimum temp for enzymes is 40oC. Below this enzyme activity is slow; above this enzymes are denatured and activity stops  pH: enzymes have a narrow range of pH that they function best at (pH =7 is best for human enzymes). Changing the pH can alter the active site (meaning substrates won’t fit), or denature the enzyme meaning activity would stop  Inhibitors  Competitive: inhibitor is similar-shaped so it blocks the active site from the substrate  Non-competitive: inhibitor binds to a different site on the enzyme which causes the active site to change shapes

18. Factors that affect activity Temperature pH

19. Example Question

20. TEK 10C  Analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system

21. Levels of Organization: within Organisms

23. Levels of Organization: outside the organism

25. Example Question  Describe the relationships between cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Can organs and organ systems have more than one type of cell or tissue? Explain your answer.

26. TEK 10A  Describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of regulation, nutrient absorption, reproduction and defense from injury or illness in animals

27. Body SystemInteractions with other systems Skeletal system Muscular system- muscles connect to skeleton to help with movement Circulatory system-red and white blood cells are made in your bones Muscular system Nervous system-neurons are connected to muscle tissue Digestive and circulatory system- contain smooth muscle to help with movement Circulatory system Because every part of your body needs oxygen, your circulatory system is connected to all other systems Respiratory systemDigestive system- the mouth and pharynx are a shared pathway for food and breathing

28. Digestive system Circulatory system- digestive system gives nutrients to circulatory system to be delivered to parts of the body Excretory system-undigested material is transferred to this system for removal Excretory system Circulatory system-blood passes through the kidneys to have waste removed Endocrine system-hormones control kidney function to help your body maintain homeostasis Nervous system Works with every system in your body because all tissues and organs need instruction and direction Endocrine system-control the creation of certain hormones Endocrine system Circulatory system-serves as transport system for the chemicals and hormones Integumentary systemImmune system-first line of defense Circulatory system-capillaries near top of skin help release water to cool you down

29. Example Question

30. TEK 11A  Describe the role of internal feedback mechanisms in the maintenance of homeostasis

31. Internal Communication  The body must have good internal communication, using the endocrine and nervous systems to maintain homeostasis  Feedback inhibition limits the operation of a system or causes it to shut down when it senses too much of a certain product (such as water, glucose, etc)  If homeostasis is not maintained, it can harm or kill the organism

32. Components  Variable- characteristic of the internal environment that is controlled by a feedback mechanism  sensor(receptor)-detects changes in variable and sends information to the control center  Control center-receives information from sensor and compares to “set point” data  Set point- is the “ideal” or “normal” value of the variable  Effector- the mechanism that has an “effect” on the variable

33. Example: Glucose Levels  The pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels  When a person’s blood sugar is too high insulin brings it back to normal in two ways:  It increases the ability of body cells to take in glucose from the blood  It converts blood glucose to the compound glycogen which is stored in the liver

34. Example Question We are exposed to a variety of outside temperatures. However, we are able to maintain a constant internal body temperature. Describe ways we warm and cool ourselves in response to the environment.