1. Infant Social Development
Reciprocity
Social Smiling
Development of Emotions
Emotional Regulation
Bases of Attachment
Harlow’s Monkey Studies
Attachment and the Strange Situation
Attachment and later development
Sensitive Period
Cultural Differences in Attachment
Temperament

2. The Newborn as Preadapted to Social Exchanges
Predispositions of newborns:
Built-in ability to signal needs in ways adults can interpret and respond to.
Capacity to detect contingencies in the environment.
Built-in attraction to social stimuli.
Inclination to fall in step with the caregiver’s behavior.
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3. The Origins of Reciprocity
True social interactions involving mutual exchanges between partners.
Reciprocity in social interaction develops gradually.
At first caregivers orchestrate social dialogues, ideally providing sensitive care.
Infants’ involvement in social encounters becomes increasingly complex until they are full partners in social interactions.
Remember circular reactions.
Social learning theorists emphasize the mutual reinforcement of reciprocity.
Brazelton sees the caregiver as providing a holding framework for the baby.
Attunement:
Caregivers’ adjustment of the stimulation they provide in response to signs from the infant.
Sensitive care:
A caregiving style in which the caregiver attends to the infant’s needs and responds to them promptly and effectively.

4. Development of social smiling follows a predictable timetable:
Newborns smile because of activity in lower brain regions.
By 8-10 weeks, babies smile as a result of recognitory assimilation.
By 4-5 months, babies produce truly social smiles in response to people they know.
Newborns’ smiles are spontaneous discharges of messages from the lower brain structures.
Parents often attribute higher order emotionality to these smiles which is important for relationship development as it encourages their interactions with the infant.
There are gentle fluctuations in arousal around a critical threshold, causing facial muscles to relax into a little smile.
Recognitory assimilation – assimilates an event into an established scheme.
Recognitory assimilation:
A form of visual mastery in which the infant recognizes a familiar stimulus and assimilates it to an established scheme.

5. Emotion: A state of feeling that arises when a person evaluates an event in a particular way.
Newborns’ physiological responses to stimulation develop into forerunners of specific basic emotions, but differ from these emotions in several ways:
They often require time to build up.
Meanings attached to events involved are very general.
They are not well differentiated.
Infants differ in their ability to moderate their arrousal
Capacity to cope with emotionally arousing situations begins to develop in first 6 months.
Early techniques are global and involuntary and
interrupt contact with the environment.

6. Development from 6 mo. To 1 year
During this time, emotional responses change in several fundamental ways:
Clearly differentiated specific emotions emerge.
Emotional responses become increasingly immediate.
All the classic facial expressions of emotion begin to appear regularly.

7. Emotional Reactions to the Unfamiliar Stranger Anxiety
A stranger staring can cause a 5-month-old infant to cry after about 30 seconds.
At 7-10 months, babies begin to react negatively to strangers even without prolonged stares.
This stranger distress usually continues for 2-3 months.
Degree of stranger distress varies greatly from baby to baby.

8. Emotional Reactions to the Unfamiliar
At the same time they show stranger distress, infants show fear in other situations, such as high places or impending collisions.
This is not just wariness toward unfamiliarity in general, though.
Novel stimuli can make babies squeal with delight, if the baby feels secure in the particular context.
Mother putting on mask can amuse baby, while stranger with a mask can invoke fear.
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Photo copyright © Used with permission.

9. Emotional Regulation and Coping
In the second 6 months, babies develop more flexible skills for coping with emotionally arousing situations, such as:
signaling the caregiver
moving near the caregiver

10. Pestisides in the Salinas Valley and Brain development
Pestisides in the Salinas Valley and Brain development
Attachment and the Strange Situation
Attachment and later development
Sensitive Period
Cultural Differences in Attachment
Temperament
Inner Working Models
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11. “Salinas and Watsonville … had higher yearly average (pesticide) concentrations in 2013 compared to both 2011 and 2012.” One of the monitoring sites was Ohlone Elementary in Watsonville. 
More on how pesticides affect children's developing brains from the CHAMACOS study in Salinas:  
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12. Attachments: An enduring emotional tie between infant and caregiver.
A major development in the second 6 months is the formation of specific infant-caregiver attachments.
Hallmarks of Attachment
Separation distress: Negative reactions of infants when the caregiver temporarily leaves.
Greeting reactions: Positive reactions of infants when the caregiver appears.
Secure-base behavior: Behavior in which the infant uses the caregiver as a base for exploration.

13. The Bases of Attachment
Attachment is 2-way between parent & child.
Bonding is 1-way, parent toward child.
Infants adopted in the 1st year are just as likely as other infants to develop healthy attachments.
Infants often become attached to more than one person.

14. Harlow & Harlow 1966 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrNBEhzjg8I
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15. The Attachment Framework
John Bowlby
All that is required for an attachment to form is that an adult be present to engage the infant; food need not be involved.
Harlow
Baby monkeys preferred a soft, terry cloth “mother” over a wire “mother” who fed the monkey.
Erikson and Bowlby’s ideas emphasizing quality of care the infant receives and the resulting variability in the security of infant-caregiver attachment.
Others emphasize the infant’s inborn temperament, based on genetic makeup and other biological influences.
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16. The Attachment Framework
In all but the most extreme cases, infants become attached to a caregiver.
When infants experience sensitive care, they become confident the caregiver will be responsive, giving the infant a secure base for exploration.
This is what Erikson meant by trust and Bowlby meant by secure attachment.
The negative result is mistrust (Erikson) or insecure/anxious attachment (Bowlby).
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17. Patterns of Attachment
The Strange Situation Test:
Mary Ainsworth’s technique for assessing attachments.
Secure
Infant is confident of caregiver’s availability and responsiveness, and can use caregiver as secure base for exploration. Most (60-70%) infants show this.
Anxious-resistant
Infant separates form the caregiver reluctantly but shows ambivalence toward caregiver after a separation.
Anxious-avoidant
Infant readily separates from caregiver and avoids contact after a brief separation.
Main added another attachment style:
Disorganized-disoriented
Infant shows contradictory features of several patterns of anxious attachment or appears dazed and disoriented.
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18. Quality of Care & Security of Attachment
Attachment Pattern
Associated Caregiver Behavior
secure
sensitive care
anxious-resistant
inconsistent care
exaggerated maternal behaviors
ineffective soothing
anxious-avoidant
indifference
emotional unavailability or
active rejection
disorganized-disoriented
maltreatment or
frightening or confusing behavior
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19. Sensitive care & encouragement of Exploration
Bernier, A., et al. (2014). Taking stock of two decades of attachment transmission gap: Broadening the assessment of maternal behavior. Child Development, Vol. 85 (5),
Sensitive care explains less than half of the explained variance.
Encouragement of exploration explains more.
Two together are best.
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20. Infant Attachment and Later Development
Internal working model =
An infant’s generalized expectations about the social world, including
caregiver responsiveness
infant’s own ability to obtain care
the nature of social relationships
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21. The Temperament Framework
An individual infant’s general style of behavior across contexts.
Infant Temperament Characteristics
activity
rhythmicity
approach-withdrawal
adaptability
intensity
threshold
mood
distractibility
persistence of attention
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22. The Stability of Temperament
Newborn behavior does not predict later temperament very well.
But by the end of the 1st year, temperament becomes more stable and predictive of later behavior.
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23. The Biology of Temperament
Infants wary in new situations have higher or more variable heart rates and blood pressure.
They show less symmetrical brain activity.
Associations have been found between hormone levels and baby’s emotions.
Whether these factors influence the emotions or the emotions influence these factors is unclear.
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24. The Genetics of Temperament
Some characteristics, like reactivity to stimulation, seem to have a genetic component.
Others, like tendency to be nurturant, appear to be based more on experience.
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25. Temperament and Attachment
How Temperament May Relate to Attachment:
Temperament may help determine sensitive care.
Characteristics of a particular infant may be at odds with those of a particular caregiver (match-mismatch hypothesis).
Early infant characteristics may feed into the quality of care parents provide.
An infant’s characteristics may tax caregivers’ ability to cope.
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26. Later attachment formation may be more difficult.
The Sensitive Period Hypothesis:
The idea that certain kinds of experience are especially important at particular points in development.
The quality of attachments in infancy sets the stage for later relationships.
Later attachment formation may be more difficult.
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27. Although cultures around the world vary in specific child-rearing goals and practices, there is a consistent recognition of the need to provide responsive care.
Early experience has special significance for development because basic expectations about oneself and the social world are laid down in infancy.
However, it does not determine the rest of development, and later change is generally possible.