1. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-1 CHAPTER 6 The Normal Distribution

2. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-2 Objectives Identify distributions as symmetrical or skewed. Identify the properties of the normal distribution. Find the area under the standard normal distribution, given various z values. Find the probabilities for a normally distributed variable by transforming it into a standard normal variable.

3. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-3 Objectives (cont’d.) Find specific data values for given percentages using the standard normal distribution. Use the central limit theorem to solve problems involving sample means for large samples. Use the normal approximation to compute probabilities for a binomial variable.

4. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-4 Introduction Many continuous variables have distributions that are bell-shaped and are called approximately normally distributed variables. A normal distribution is also known as the bell curve or the Gaussian distribution.

5. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-5 Normal and Skewed Distributions The normal distribution is a continuous, bell- shaped distribution of a variable. If the data values are evenly distributed about the mean, the distribution is said to be symmetrical. If the majority of the data values fall to the left or right of the mean, the distribution is said to be skewed.

6. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-6 Left Skewed Distributions When the majority of the data values fall to the right of the mean, the distribution is said to be negatively or left skewed. The mean is to the left of the median, and the mean and the median are to the left of the mode.

7. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-7 Right Skewed Distributions When the majority of the data values fall to the left of the mean, the distribution is said to be positively or right skewed. The mean falls to the right of the median and both the mean and the median fall to the right of the mode.

8. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-8 Equation for a Normal Distribution The mathematical equation for the normal distribution is: where e  2.718   3.14  = population mean  = population standard deviation

9. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-9 Properties of the Normal Distribution The shape and position of the normal distribution curve depend on two parameters, the mean and the standard deviation. Each normally distributed variable has its own normal distribution curve, which depends on the values of the variable’s mean and standard deviation.

10. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-10 Normal Distribution Properties The normal distribution curve is bell-shaped. The mean, median, and mode are equal and located at the center of the distribution. The normal distribution curve is unimodal (i.e., it has only one mode). The curve is symmetrical about the mean, which is equivalent to saying that its shape is the same on both sides of a vertical line passing through the center.

11. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-11 Normal Distribution Properties (cont’d.) The curve is continuous—i.e., there are no gaps or holes. For each value of X, here is a corresponding value of Y. The curve never touches the x axis. Theoretically, no matter how far in either direction the curve extends, it never meets the x axis—but it gets increasingly closer.

12. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-12 Normal Distribution Properties (cont’d.) The total area under the normal distribution curve is equal to 1.00 or 100%. The area under the normal curve that lies within one standard deviation of the mean is approximately 0.68, or 68%; within two standard deviations, about 0.95, or 95%; and within three standard deviations, about 0.997 or 99.7%.

13. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-13 Standard Normal Distribution Since each normally distributed variable has its own mean and standard deviation, the shape and location of these curves will vary. In practical applications, one would have to have a table of areas under the curve for each variable. To simplify this, statisticians use the standard normal distribution. The standard normal distribution is a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

14. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-14 z Values The z value is the number of standard deviations that a particular X value is away from the mean. The formula for finding the z value is:

15. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-15 Area Between 0 and z To find the area between 0 and any z value: Look up the z value in the table.

16. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-16 Area in Any Tail Look up the z value to get the area. Subtract the area from 0.5000.

17. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-17 Area Between Two z Values Look up both z values to get the areas. Subtract the smaller area from the larger area.

18. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-18 Area Between z Values—Opposite Sides Look up both z values to get the areas. Add the areas.

19. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-19 Area To the Left of Any z Value Look up the z value to get the area. Add 0.5000 to the area. 0 z

20. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-20 Area To the Right of Any z Value Look up the z value in the table to get the area. Add 0.5000 to the area. 0 -z

21. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-21 Area Under the Curve The area under the curve is more important than the frequencies because the area corresponds to the probability!

22. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-22 Calculating the Value of X When one must find the value of X, the following formula can be used:

23. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-23 Distribution of Sample Means A sampling distribution of sample means is a distribution obtained by using the means computed from random samples of a specific size taken from a population. Sampling error is the difference between the sample measure and the corresponding population measure due to the fact that the sample is not a perfect representation of the population.

24. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-24 Properties of Distribution of Sample Means The mean of the sample means will be the same as the population mean. The standard deviation of the sample means will be smaller than the standard deviation of the population, and will be equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size.

25. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-25 The Central Limit Theorem As the sample size n increases, the shape of the distribution of the sample means taken with replacement from a population with mean  and standard deviation  will approach a normal distribution.

26. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-26 Central Limit Theorem (cont’d.) If all possible samples of size n are taken with replacement from the same population, the mean of the sample means equals the population mean or:. The standard deviation of the sample means equals: and is called the standard error of the mean.

27. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-27 Central Limit Theorem (cont’d.) The central limit theorem can be used to answer questions about sample means in the same manner that the normal distribution can be used to answer questions about individual values. A new formula must be used for the z values:

28. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-28 Finite Population Correction Factor The formula for standard error of the mean is accurate when the samples are drawn with replacement or are drawn without replacement from a very large or infinite population. A correction factor is necessary for computing the standard error of the mean for samples drawn without replacement from a finite population.

29. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-29 Finite Population Correction Factor The correction factor is computed using the following formula: where N is the population size and n is the sample size.

30. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-30 Correction Factor Applied to Standard Error The standard error of the mean must be multiplied by the correction factor to adjust it for large samples taken from a small population.

31. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-31 Correction Factor Applied to z Value The standard error for the mean must be adjusted when it is included in the formula for calculating the z values.

32. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-32 A Correction for Continuity A correction for continuity is a correction employed when a continuous distribution is used to approximate a discrete distribution.

33. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-33 Characteristics of a Binomial Distribution There must be a fixed number of trials. The outcome of each trial must be independent. Each experiment can have only two outcomes or be reduced to two outcomes. The probability of a success must remain the same for each trial.

34. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-34 Normal Approximation to Binomial Distribution

35. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-35 Procedure for Normal Approximation Step 1Check to see whether the normal approximation can be used. Step 2Find the mean  and the standard deviation . Step 3Write the problem in probability notation, using X.

36. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-36 Procedure for Normal Approximation (cont’d.) Step 4Rewrite the problem using the continuity correction factor, and show the corresponding area under the normal distribution. Step 5Find the corresponding z values. Step 6Find the solution.

37. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-37 Summary The normal distribution can be used to describe a variety of variables, such as heights, weights, and temperatures. The normal distribution is bell-shaped, unimodal, symmetric, and continuous; its mean, median, and mode are equal. Mathematicians use the standard normal distribution which has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

38. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-38 Summary (cont’d.) The normal distribution can be used to describe a sampling distribution of sample means. These samples must be of the same size and randomly selected with replacement from the population. The central limit theorem states that as the size of the samples increases, the distribution of sample means will be approximately normal.

39. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-39 Summary (cont’d.) The normal distribution can be used to approximate other distributions, such as the binomial distribution. For the normal distribution to be used as an approximation to the binomial distribution, the conditions np  5 and nq  5 must be met. A correction for continuity may be used for more accurate results.

40. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-40 Conclusions The normal distribution can be used to approximate other distributions to simplify the data analysis for a variety of applications.

41. © Copyright McGraw-Hill 2004 6-41 Homework Page 335: 1,2 7,8,9,13,15,16