1. Density Curves and the Normal Distribution

2. What is a Density Curve? Consider the following histogram
Remember that the shape of the histogram depends on the width of the classes we choose for the histogram, our data might look like this!

3. Using a smooth curve to describe the distribution will eliminate the effect of our choice of classes.
Both the bars and the curve represent the proportion of observations on an interval
Both the bars and the curve represent all the observations in the distribution

4. What is a Density Curve A Density Curve is a curve that:
Is always on or above the x-axis
Has an area of exactly 1 below it
Since the density curve represents the entire distribution, the area under the curve on any interval represents the proportion of observations in that interval.

5. Do all Density Curves look alike?
We’ve already discovered that distributions take on different shapes.
Some are symmetric
Some are left-skewed
Some are right-skewed
Since a density curve represents the distributions, they too take on different shapes.

6. Density Curves

7. Measures of Center
In a skewed distribution, the mean is pulled in the direction of the tail.
In a symmetric distribution the mean, median and mode are located in the same place.

8. Normal Distribution The Empirical Rule
All normal distributions have particular characteristics with regard to the area under the curve on a given interval.
We can use these characteristics to answer questions regarding the distributions.

9. For example:
Within 1σ of the mean (-1σ < μ < 1σ ), lies 68% of the area.
68%

10. Within 2σ of the mean, (-2σ < μ < 2σ ) lies 95% of the data

11. Within 2σ of the mean, (-2σ < μ < 2σ ) lies 95% of the data
99.7%

12. 34%
34%
By symmetry, we can find the approximate area under the curve for each of the sections created in a normal curve…
2.35%
2.35%
.15%
.15%
13.5%
13.5%

13. Using the Empirical Rule to answer questions.
There are three ways in which to ask the same question when dealing with a normal distribution.
What is the area under the curve between and ?
What is the proportion (percent) of observations between and ?
What is the probability that an individual chosen at random will be between and ?

14. Did you notice that all 3 questions asked about an interval?
That’s because (as we find out in calculus) that there is NO area under the curve at a particular point. In a continuous distribution, as is the normal curve, we can only find area on an interval.
The answers for all three of these questions are found in the same way! That’s because they are all asking the same question.

15. An Example:
The army reports that the distribution of head circumference among male soldiers is approximately normal with mean 22.3 inches and standard deviation 1.1 inches. Use the empirical rule to answer the following:

16. Let’s start by drawing and labeling a normal distribution.
What percent of soldiers have head circumference greater than 23.9 inches?

17. What percent of soldiers have head circumference greater than 23
What percent of soldiers have head circumference greater than 23.9 inches?
If we add the percentages from the shaded area we find that 13.5% %+.15% = 16%
So, approximately 16% of soldiers have head circumferences greater than 23.9 inches
.15% % % 34% % % % %

18. Finding percentiles
When we want to know where an individual is in relation to the rest of the distribution we use percentiles.
So, a head circumference of 23.0 inches would be what percentile?
.15% % 13.5% 34% 34% % % .15%
.15% % % % % % %
Percentiles

19. So, a head circumference of 23
So, a head circumference of 23.9 inches would be at the 84th% percentile.
.15% % % % % % %

20. So, using the empirical percentages of the normal distribution is as simple as finding the corresponding area and adding the percentages for those areas.

21. Additional References
YMM Text Pages 64-82
Homework Assignment: Assignment 2.1
Please be sure to follow the four steps outlined on the next slide when completing a normal distribution problem.

22. Sample Question: What percent of soldiers have head circumference greater than 23.9 inches?
Write the question as a probability statement:
P( X > 23.)
Draw a normal curve and label
Shade the appropriate area
See slide 17.
Find the appropriate area by adding corresponding areas
Write the solution in context of the problem.