1. Warm UP
5th pd you many sit wherever you want. 7th see seating chart on front board
Get out your notebooks
Number pages 1-50 ( back and front)
Page 1- name page ( name, pd, room, Ms. Price)
Page 2- Title page- ch.1 and prologue
Page 3- Syllabus
Page 4- Prologue Notes
Page 5-Foldable
Page 6 – Brain Teasers ( you will get them today)
Page 7- chapter 1 notes
Page 8- Correlation act ( will get today)
Page 9- practice test
3. With a partner see how many brain teaser you can get correct in 15 minuets

2. AP Psychology: Chapter 1: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

3. Solve ME
A man is found shot to death in a room with a table, four chairs, and 53 bicycles. Why was he murdered?
There are 52 Bicycle playing cards in a normal deck. He was playing with an extra ace.

4. What is critical thinking?
How does it relate to psychology and this course?

5. Solve ME
A man is traveling from work and wants to go home. He will not go home because there is another man in a mask waiting there for him. What does the first man do for a living?
The man is a runner at third base and he is trying to score a run

6. Let’s Make A Deal!
One Volunteer is Needed for A chance to win 1,334,499 Turkish “dollars!”

7. Let’s Make A Deal Shows Us That:
Human Intuition is highly limited.
Critically thinking rarely comes easily to us!
Critical Thinking: thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions
examines assumptions
discerns hidden values
evaluates evidence
An awareness to our own vulnerability

8. Lack of Intuition
Hindsight Bias: tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
the “I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon

9. Lack Of Intuition
Overconfidence: we tend to think we know more than we do.
We can't always trust our common sense or intuition we need research

10. Research Strategies Theory Hypothesis
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
Low self esteem contributes to depression
Hypothesis
a testable prediction
often implied by a theory
Allows us to test and reject or revise the theory
People with low self esteem score higher on a depression scale

11. Scientific Method theories research and observations hypothesis
generate or refine
research and
observations
lead to
hypothesis
theories
lead to

12. How to check our bias Operational Definition
a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables
You want to be clear enough so that the test and observations can be replicated
To give the study more credibility it is usually done with different subjects in different situations
Make sure studies are valid and reliable

13. Research Strategies
1. Descriptive- making observations that describe behavior
2. Correlational- detecting relationships that help predict behavior
3. Experimental-doing studies that help explain behavior

14. Research Methods- Descriptive
Case Study
an observation technique in which one person , or a small group, is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Longitudinal-
Cross Sectional-
Drawbacks of case study: individuals can be atypical and lead to false findings.
Anecdotal Stories

15. Research Methods- Descriptive and Correlation
Survey
technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people
usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them

16. Components of Survey
Population: all the individuals you are interested in knowing something about.
Sample: the individuals you actually question.
Sampling should always be taken randomly from the population so that it is representative, meaning each individual in the population had an equal chance of being selected.

17. Drawbacks of Surveys 1.) Improper Sampling
2.) Question Wording Can Effect the results of a survey.
Ex: Should cigarette ads or pornography be allowed on television?
Ex. Mississippi River- Is the Mississippi River longer or shorter than 500 miles? How long is the Mississippi River?
Is the Mississippi River longer or shorter than 3000 miles? How long is the Mississippi River?

18. Importance of Proper Sampling
False Consensus Effect: tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.
Overgeneralizing extreme examples can lead you to false conclusions!

19. Types of Research-Descriptive
Naturalistic Observation: observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Drawbacks: hard to identify any type of causation since there is no controls.

20. Correlation Research
Correlation Research: research that looks at a relationship between two things. How well does one factor predict the other?
Ex: Consumption of Ice Cream and Drowning.

21. Types of Correlations
Positive Correlation: a relationship in which increases in one variable leads to increases in the other.
Ex: Amount of fat burned is positively correlated with amount of sit-ups completed
Negative Correlation: a relationship in which increases in one variable leads to decreases in the other.
Ex: As tooth brushing goes up, tooth decay goes down

22. Some More Correlation Examples
Married people tend to have higher measures of happiness.
Children who watch high amounts of television are more aggressive.
People with low self-esteem are more likely to be depressed.
What meanings can we make of these examples?

23. Correlations Continued
Correlation Coefficient: the statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus how well either factor predicts the other. (number that measures strength of the correlation).
STRONGEST CORRELATIONS are +1 and – is a perfect positive correlation while –1 is a perfect negative correlation.
Correlations are always between –1 and +1. A correlation of Zero means there is no relationship.

24. Correlation Scatterplots
Perfect positive
correlation (+1.00)
No relationship (0.00)
Perfect negative
correlation (-1.00)

25. (positive or negative)
Indicates direction
of relationship
(positive or negative)
Correlation
coefficient
r = +.37
Indicates strength
of relationship
(0.00 to 1.00)

26. R=+.37
R=-1.00
R=+.17
R= -.08

27. Correlation Measures
Scatterplot
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables
the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship
the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation
little scatter indicates high correlation
also called a scattergram or scatter diagram

28. 1. Get out your notes from last class and your homework
Warm Up
1. Get out your notes from last class and your homework

29. 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25
Temperament
scores
Height in inches

30. Height and Temperament of 20 Men1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 80 63 61 79 74 69 62 75 77 60 64 76 71 66 73 70 68 90 42 81 39 48 72 57 30 84
Subject
Height in
Inches
Temperament

31. Correlation and Causation
Correlation does not prove causation
Ex- negative correlation between self-esteem and depression
Heredity and brain chemistry might play a role
Among men, length of marriage correlates positively with hair loss- because both are associated with a third factor.
Age
Correlation indicates the possibility of a cause and effect relationship, but DOES NOT prove causation

33. Intuition Limit #976
Illusory Correlation: the perception of a relationship where none exists.
Sugar makes kids more hyperactive
Wet hair and cold hair cause a cold
Don’t overgeneralize extreme cases GET THE DATA!!

34. One last check……………..
You need to make sure your study is reliable and valid.
Reliability-if your study was replicated would you get the same results?
Validity- Does the study or experiment test what it is designed to test.

35. All of these methods look to describe the behavior not to explain it!
Summing Up Surveys, Naturalistic Observation, Case Studies, and Correlation Research
All of these methods look to describe the behavior not to explain it!
Experimental Designed research is the only research that gets at causation…NEXT TIME!

36. Random Sequences
Your chances of being dealt either of these hands is precisely the same: 1 in 2,598,960.

37. Warm Up
For the following research methods list one positive and one negative
1. Corelational Study
2. Case Study
3. Naturalistic Study
4. Survey
5. Experiment

38. Experimentation
and
Statistics

39. Experiments

40. Experimentation
Experiments are the best way to isolate cause and effect
the investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable) while controlling other relevant factors by random assignment of subjects
by random assignment of participants the experiment controls other relevant factors.
Breast Milk Example

41. Experimentation Research Strategies Double-blind Procedure Placebo
both the subject and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the subject has received the treatment or a placebo
commonly used in drug-evaluation studies
Placebo
an inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent
Placebo Effect- the effect of positive thought and willpower on an experiment

42. Experimentation Research Strategies Experimental Condition
The group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable ( real drug)
Control Condition
The group that contrasts with the experimental treatment . Get the placebo, or possible nothing
serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
Example- Viagra

43. Random Assignment Experimentation
Research Strategies
Random Assignment
assigning subjects to experimental and control conditions by chance
minimizes pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups
Want similar age, attitudes…….

44. Experimentation Cause/effect…… If/Then Research Strategies
Independent Variable
the experimental factor that is manipulated
the variable whose effect is being studied
Dependent Variable
the experimental factor that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
in psychology it is usually a behavior or mental process
It can vary depending on what happens during the experiment
Cause/effect…… If/Then

45. Experimentation Variables that cause changes in the DV besides the IV
Confounding Variables-
Variables that cause changes in the DV besides the IV
Breast Feeding Example
Operational Definitions
Example Viagra
IV- Viagra or placebo- time, amount
DV- Sex- ………………………..

46. Experimentation Problems- Sometimes not feasible or ethical
1. Obtain consent
2. Protect from harm
3. Confidential
4. Fully explain research after the exp.
Animals?
Results may not overgeneralize to other contexts

47. Statistics

48. Describing Data Researchers first need to organize their data
Pie Chart, Bar graph
Descriptive Statistics- describe the data, but don’t focus or the relationship

49. Percentage still functioning after 10 years Brand X Y Z Brand of truck
Our Brand Brand Brand
Brand X Y Z
100% 99 98 97 96 95
Percentage
still functioning
after 10 years
Brand of truck

50. Percentage still functioning after 10 years Our Brand Brand Brand
Brand X Y Z
100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Percentage
still functioning
after 10 years
Brand of truck

51. Measure of Central Tendency
3 measures of Central Tendency- Mode , Mean and Median
Mode- the most frequently occurring score
Mean- average
Median- the middle score, when you arrange the score in order from the highest to lowest
Be Careful- can a few extreme score through off any one of the central tendencies?
What's wrong with- income for 62% is below average

52. Income per family in thousands of dollars 90
475
710 70
Mode Median Mean
One Family
Income per family in thousands of dollars

53. Measures of Variation
Need to know the variation in the data, how diverse or similar the scores are
Range– the gap between the highest and lowest score
Remember extremes scores can skew the data
475,000 and 710,000

54. 7, 4, 11, 13, 9 Find the mean, median, mode and range
1, 4, 14, 10, 4, 9, 5, 16, 2,
7, 4, 11, 13, 9

55. Measures of Variation The more useful measure is Standard Deviation
It gauges if scores are packed together or dispersed
Uses info from each score
Smaller Standard Deviation for more similar populations
Higher Standard Deviation for more diverse populations

56. Standard deviation is the square root of variance

58. When is an Observed Difference Reliable?
1. Representative samples are better than biased samples
2. Less variable observations are more reliable than those that are more variable
Consistency
3. More Cases Are better than few

59. When is Difference Significant?
statistical significance (p) is a measure of the likelihood that the difference between groups results from a real difference between the 2 groups rather than from chance
If statistically significant …..the differences are probably not due to chance
Statistical significance indicates the likelihood that a result will happen by chance. It does not indicate the importance of the result
The lower the P value, the less likely the results are due to chance (P<.o1)

60. Ethics