1. Solutions

2. Solution- well-mixed mixture that contains a solute and a solvent Solvent- BIGGEST part of a solution –Ex. water in lemonade –Solvent increases the boiling point Solute- SMALLEST part of a solution –Ex. lemon in lemonade –Solute decreases the boiling point A solution has the same properties throughout. The particles are too small to see. 1

3. Colloid Colloid- mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out Colloids contain larger particles than solutions. The particles are still too small to be seen easily, but are large enough to scatter a light beam, –Ex. jello, milk, mayonnaise, shaving cream, and whipped cream 1 2

4. Supensions Suspension- mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration –Ex. pepper and water A suspension is different from a solution because a suspension does not have the same properties throughout. The particles in a suspension are larger than in a colloid or solution 3

5. Unknown Solutions You have water with sugar and water with salt, but you do not know which is which. –Remember in science class, we do not taste the solutions. –Sugar is not ionic while salt is. –Electricity can move through salt water not sugar water. –So therefore to find out which one is salt, run electricity through it and if the electricity flows, it’s salt water. 4

6. Concentration Dilute solution- mixture that only has a little solute dissolved in solvent –Ex. watered down kool-aid Concentrated solution- has a lot of solute and a little solvent –Ex. REALLY strong coffee To measure concentration, you take the mass of the solute divide it by the mass of the solvent. The multiply it by 100. 5

7. Solubility Solubility- measure of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent Saturated solution- the most solute that can dissolve has been added (no more can be added) Unsaturated solution- not all of the solute has been added 6

8. Factors that affect solubilty The higher the pressure, the higher the solubility. The higher the temperature, the higher the solubility. 7

9. Diffusion Diffusion- movement of any molecule from an area of high concentration to a low concentration This is a form of passive transportation Passive transportation- Transportation of materials without using energy 8

10. Osmosis Osmosis- the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Osmosis is a form of passive transport This is ONLY done with water http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/diffusion.html# 9

11. Hypertonic Solutions Hypertonic solutions-contain a high concentration of a substance that is not water (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water moves out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel. http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/Osmosis.htm 10

12. Hypotonic Solution Hypotonic solutions-contain a high concentration of water When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water moves in the cell, causing the cell to swell and explode. 11

13. Isotonic Solution Isotonic Solutions-contain the same concentration of water inside the membrane as outside the membrane When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/Osmosis.htm 12

14. Active Transport Active transport- movement of molecules from high concentrations to an area of low concentration and must have energy to do this 13

15. Acids and Bases

16. Acid Acid- any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water Always has a hydrogen ion or H –Ex. HCL Chart

17. Acid Properties Sour tasting Acids react with metals (corrosive) Turns yellow when added to bromthymol blue Turns blue litmus, red Citrus fruits Chart

18. Base Base- any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water Always contains an 0H group –Ex. NaOH Chart

19. Properties of Bases Bitter taste slippery feel In bromthymol blue, a base changes to a dark blue Turns red litmus, blue Used in soaps and detergents Chart

20. Neutralization Neutralization- when you add a base and an acid, it produces water and a salt 14

21. pH pH- value that is used to express the acidity or basicity 15

22. On the pH scale Acids are from 1-6 7 is neutral Bases are from 8-13 The lower the acid the stronger it is and the higher the base the stronger it is Chart