1. The Pectoral (shoulder) Girdle The Pelvic Girdle

2. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Composed of two bones
Clavicle – collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
Slide 5.33
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3. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a, b
Slide 5.34a
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5. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20c, d
Slide 5.34b
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6. Bones of the Upper Limb The arm is formed by a single bone Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
Slide 5.35a
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7. Bones of the Upper Limb The forearm has two bones Ulna Radius
Figure 5.21c
Slide 5.35b
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8. Bones of the Upper Limb The hand Carpals – wrist Metacarpals – palm
Phalanges – fingers
Figure 5.22
Slide 5.36
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9. Bones of the Hand

10. FUNCTIONS OF PELVIC GIRDLE
It supports the weight of the body from the vertebral column.
It also protects and supports the lower organs, including the urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and the developing fetus in a pregnant woman.

11. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Hip bones
Composed of three pair of fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bone
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
Protects several organs
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of the large intestine
Slide 5.37
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12. The Pelvis Figure 5.23a Slide 5.38a
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13. The Pelvis Figure 5.23b Slide 5.38b
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14. Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c
Slide 5.39
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15. DIFFERENCES IN M/F PELVIS
Female inlet is larger and circular
Female pelvis is shallower, lighter, thinner
Female sacrum is shorter
Female ischial spines are shorter, farther apart
Pubic arch is more rounded

16. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The thigh has one bone
Femur – thigh bone
Figure 5.35a, b
Slide 5.40a
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17. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The leg has two bones
Tibia
Fibula
Figure 5.35c
Slide 5.40b
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19. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The foot
Tarsus – ankle
Metatarsals – sole
Phalanges – toes
Figure 5.25
Slide 5.41
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20. Arches of the Foot
Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches
Two longitudinal
One transverse
Figure 5.26
Slide 5.42
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21. Joints Articulations of bones Functions of joints
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Ways joints are classified
Functionally
Structurally
Slide 5.43
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22. Functional Classification of Joints
Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
Slide 5.44
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23. INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
Fibrous = syndesmoses “give”
Cartilaginous
Synovial – fluid
1. articular cartilage
2. fibrous capsule
3. joint cavity
4. reinforcing ligaments

24. ARTHRITIS 3 sx: 1. pain 2. stiffness 3. swelling
OA – osteoarthritis – “wear-and-tear”
Affects articular cartilage
Analgesics (pain)

25. ARTHRITIS RA – rheumatoid arthritis – 3x women Autoimmune disease
Joint replacement usually necessary
GA – gouty arthritis
Uric acid
Males 30+
genetic

26. Osteoarthritis is a deterioration of cartilage and overgrowth of bone often due to "wear and tear". Rheumatoid arthritis is the inflammation of a joint's connective tissues, such as the synovial membranes, which leads to the destruction of the articular cartilage.