1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 5 The Skeletal System

2. The Skeletal System Slide 5.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Parts of the skeletal system  Bones (skeleton)  Joints  Cartilages  Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)  Divided into two divisions  Axial skeleton  Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle

4. Functions of Bones Slide 5.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Support of the body  Protection of soft organs  Movement due to attached skeletal muscles  Storage of minerals and fats  Blood cell formation

5. Bones of the Human Body Slide 5.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The skeleton has 206 bones  Two basic types of bone tissue  Compact bone  Homogeneous  Spongy bone  Small needle-like pieces of bone  Many open spaces Figure 5.2b

6. Classification of Bones Slide 5.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Long bones  Typically longer than wide  Have a shaft with heads at both ends  Contain mostly compact bone Examples: Femur, humerus

7. Classification of Bones Slide 5.4b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Short bones  Generally cube-shape  Contain mostly spongy bone  Examples: Carpals, tarsals

8. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Slide 5.4c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.1

9. Classification of Bones Slide 5.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Flat bones  Thin and flattened  Usually curved  Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone  Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

10. Classification of Bones Slide 5.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Irregular bones  Irregular shape  Do not fit into other bone classification categories  Example: Vertebrae and hip

11. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Slide 5.5c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.1

12. Bone Growth Slide 5.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood  New cartilage is continuously formed  Older cartilage becomes ossified  Cartilage is broken down  Bone replaces cartilage

13. Bone Growth Slide 5.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops  Bones change shape somewhat  Bones grow in width

14. Long Bone Formation and Growth Slide 5.14a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.4a

15. Bone Fractures Slide 5.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  A break in a bone  Types of bone fractures  Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin  Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin  Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization  Realignment of the bone

16. Common Types of Fractures Slide 5.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 5.2

17. Repair of Bone Fractures Slide 5.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed  Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus  Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus  Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

18. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Slide 5.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.5

19. The Axial Skeleton Slide 5.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Forms the longitudinal part of the body  Divided into three parts  Skull  Vertebral column  Bony thorax

20. The Axial Skeleton Slide 5.20b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.6

21. The Skull Slide 5.21a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Two sets of bones  Cranium  Facial bones  Bones are joined by sutures  Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

22. The Skull Slide 5.21b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.7

23. Bones of the Skull Slide 5.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.11

24. Human Skull, Superior View Slide 5.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.8

25. Human Skull, Inferior View Slide 5.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.9

26. Paranasal Sinuses Slide 5.25a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Figure 5.10

27. Paranasal Sinuses Slide 5.25b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Functions of paranasal sinuses  Lighten the skull  Give resonance and amplification to voice Figure 5.10

28. The Hyoid Bone Slide 5.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The only bone that does not articulate with another bone  Serves as a moveable base for the tongue Figure 5.12

29. The Vertebral Column Slide 5.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs  The spine has a normal curvature  Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14

30. Structure of a Typical Vertebrae Slide 5.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.16

31. The Bony Thorax Slide 5.31a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Forms a cage to protect major organs Figure 5.19a

32. The Bony Thorax Slide 5.31b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Made-up of three parts  Sternum  Ribs  Thoracic vertebrae Figure 5.19a

33. The Appendicular Skeleton Slide 5.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Limbs (appendages)  Pectoral girdle  Pelvic girdle

34. The Appendicular Skeleton Slide 5.32b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.6c

35. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Slide 5.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Composed of two bones  Clavicle – collarbone  Scapula – shoulder blade  These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

36. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Slide 5.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.20a, b

37. Bones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.35a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The arm is formed by a single bone  Humerus Figure 5.21a, b

38. Bones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.35b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The forearm has two bones Ulna Radius Figure 5.21c

39. Bones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The hand  Carpals – wrist  Metacarpals – palm  Phalanges – fingers Figure 5.22

40. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hip bones  Composed of three pair of fused bones  Ilium  Ischium  Pubic bone  The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis  Protects several organs  Reproductive organs  Urinary bladder  Part of the large intestine

41. The Pelvis Slide 5.38a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.23a

42. Gender Differences of the Pelvis Slide 5.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.23c

43. Bones of the Lower Limbs Slide 5.40a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The thigh has one bone  Femur – thigh bone Figure 5.35a, b

44. Bones of the Lower Limbs Slide 5.40b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The leg has two bones  Tibia  Fibula Figure 5.35c

45. Bones of the Lower Limbs Slide 5.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The foot  Tarsus – ankle  Metatarsals – sole  Phalanges – toes Figure 5.25

46. Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints Slide 5.53 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction  Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths  Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints  Over 100 different types  The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

47. Clinical Forms of Arthritis Slide 5.54a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Osteoarthritis  Most common chronic arthritis  Probably related to normal aging processes  Rheumatoid arthritis  An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints  Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints  Often leads to deformities

50. Clinical Forms of Arthritis Slide 5.54b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gouty Arthritis  Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood  Can usually be controlled with diet