1. Chapter 12 New Imperialism
Section 3 European Challenges to the Muslim World

2. Setting the Scene
''Europe is a molehill” said Napoleon Bonaparte in He felt it offered too few chances for glory. "We must go to the East," he declared. "All great glory has been acquired there." In 1798, he put his thoughts into action by invading Egypt, a province of the Ottoman empire.
Napoleon's Egyptian campaign highlighted Ottoman decline and opened a new era of European contact with the Muslim world. In the early 1800s, European countries were just nibbling at the edges of the Muslim world. Before long, they would strike at its heartlands.

3. I. Stresses in the Muslim World
In the 1500s, three Muslim empires ruled - the Mughals in India, the Ottomans in the Middle East, and the Safavids in Iran.

4. I. Stresses in the Muslim World
The Muslim empires declined due to weak governments, corruption, and discontent
Revolts during the 17th century Mughal Empire

5. I. Stresses in the Muslim World
In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements stressed religious piety and strict rules of behavior

6. I. Stresses in the Muslim World
The Wahhabis revolt against Ottoman rule was crushed but the Wahhabi movement survived

7. I. Stresses in the Muslim World
In the 1880s, Muhammad Ahmad claimed he was the Mahdi and resisted British expansion into the Sudan
Muhammad Ahmed Al Mahdi

8. I. Stresses in the Muslim World
The Muslim empire faced western imperialism and Europeans won trading treaties

9. II. Problems for the Ottoman Empire
Ideas of nationalism spread, weakening the Ottoman Empire as territories broke away

10. II. Problems for the Ottoman Empire
European states sought to benefit from the break-up of the Ottoman empire

11. II. Problems for the Ottoman Empire
In the 1890s, the liberal Young Turks insisted that reform was the only way to save the empire

12. II. Problems for the Ottoman Empire
Tensions between Turkish nationalists triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians

13. III. Egypt Seeks to Modernize
Muhammad Ali, appointed governor in 1805, is sometimes called the "father of modern Egypt"
Mehemet 'Ali ( )

14. III. Egypt Seeks to Modernize
Ali introduced political and economic reforms and turned Egypt into a Middle Eastern power

15. III. Egypt Seeks to Modernize
In 1859 the French built the Suez Canal linking the Mediterranean and Red seas

16. III. Egypt Seeks to Modernize
In 1875, Egypt was forced to sell its shares in the canal and Britain gained control
'The Lion's Share' of Suez Canal Gives Britain the Key to India

17. III. Egypt Seeks to Modernize
When Egyptian nationalists revolted in 1882, Britain took control and made Egypt a protectorate

18. IV. Iran and the European Powers
The Qajar shahs, who ruled Iran from 1794 to 1925, exercised absolute power like the Safavids before them

19. IV. Iran and the European Powers
Although they did make some reforms, it did not save Iran from western imperialism

20. IV. Iran and the European Powers
Russia and Britain set up spheres of influence, outraging nationalists and dividing the Iranians