1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skeletal System  Structures  Bones (skeleton)  Joints  Cartilages  Ligaments  Two divisions:  Axial skeleton  Appendicular skeleton

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of Bones  Support  Protection of soft organs  Muscle attachment/movement  Storage of minerals and fats  Blood cell formation

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings In which division of the skeleton will you find the skull?

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Human Body  The adult skeleton has 206 bones  Two basic types of bone tissue  Compact bone  Homogeneous  Spongy bone  Small needle-like pieces of bone  Many open spaces Figure 5.2b

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones LL ong bones LL onger than wide EE xamples: Femur, humerus

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones  Short bones  Generally cube-shape  Examples: Carpals, tarsals

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones  Flat bones  Thin and flattened  Usually curved  Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones  Irregular bones  Irregular shape  Example: Vertebrae and hip

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  How many bones are in the human body?

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone  Lacunae  Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)  Arranged in rings called lamellae Detail of Figure 5.3

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4b

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Fractures  A break in a bone  Types of bone fractures  Closed (simple) – doesn’t penetrate the skin  Open (compound) – broken bone penetrates skin

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  What type of fracture does not penetrate the skin?

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton  Forms the longitudinal part of the body  Divided into three parts  Skull  Vertebral column  Ribs

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Skull Figure 5.7

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Skull Figure 5.11

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Vertebral Column  Vertebrae separated by discs  normal curvature  Named according to location Figure 5.14

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of a Typical Vertebrae Figure 5.16

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Bony Thorax  Ribs form a cage to protect major organs Figure 5.19a

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Are there flat bones in the Axial skeleton?

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings What is the correct order of structures that compose a bone from outermost to innermost?

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Periosteum  Compact Bone  Spongy Bone  Bone marrow

30. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Appendicular Skeleton  Limbs (appendages)  Pectoral girdle  Pelvic girdle

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle CC omposed of two bones CC lavicle – collarbone SS capula – shoulder blade

32. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.20a–b

33. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.20c–d

34. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Upper Limb  The arm is formed by a single bone  Humerus Figure 5.21a–b

35. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Upper Limb  The forearm has two bones  Ulna  Radius Figure 5.21c

36. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Upper Limb  The hand  Carpals – wrist  Metacarpals – palm  Phalanges – fingers Figure 5.22

37. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  What part of the body does carpal tunnel syndrome affect?

38. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Pelvic Girdle  Hip bones  Protect several organs:  Reproductive  Bladder  Large intestine

39. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pelvis Figure 5.23a

40. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gender Differences of the Pelvis Figure 5.23c

41. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs  The thigh has one bone  Femur Figure 5.24a–b

42. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs  The leg has two bones  Tibia  Fibula Figure 5.24c

43. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Lower Limbs  The foot  Tarsus – ankle  Metatarsals – sole  Phalanges – toes Figure 5.25

44. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings JOINTS  Where 2 bones meet  Held together by ligaments  Fluid protects ends of bones

45. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  How many phalanges are found in the human skeleton?

46. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Joints  Fixed joints  ex. Skull  Semimovable  ex. Vertebral column, rib cage  Moveable  Hinge - ex. Elbow  Ball-and-socket - ex. Shoulder  Pivot - ex. Top 2 vertebrae  Saddle - ex. Thumbs  Gliding - ex. foot

47. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Figure 5.29a–c

48. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  What type of joint is your wrist?

49. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Figure 5.29d–f

50. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints  Bursitis – Caused by a blow or friction  Tendonitis – Inflammation of tendon sheaths  Arthritis – Inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints  The most widespread crippling disease in the United States