1. Islam’s Impact on Europe

2. Caliphates – Causes
Arab soldiers committed to the promise of plunder unified around Islam and conquered territory from Spain to India across North Africa, Arabia and Anatolia
Weak Sassanid and Byzantine Empires made conquest easier
Followers were attracted to ideas of equality among believers and familiar with monotheism from Jewish and Christian traditions

3. Effects
Caliphate’s introduced bureaucratic structure and established first Muslim Empire
Arabs, Persians and other groups unified politically and culturally as Muslims
Trade flourished, as merchants agreed on a common set of Muslim business dealings
Intellectual development led to algebra, preservation of Classical texts especially those of the Greeks
Mosques, hospitals, schools, orphanages and the House of Wisdom were built
Islam spread via trade routes to West Africa and to Southeast via the Indian Ocean to Central Asia and China via the Silk Routes

4. Political
Battle of Tours in 732AD stopped the Muslim advance into Europe and left only Spain in Muslim control.
In 1096 Western Christians marched through the Byzantine Empire to take back the Holy Land from the Muslims.
This conflict brought about the end of the feudal system in Western Europe.

5. Economic
Increased interaction with the Islamic Empire during the Crusades led to a revival of European trade with Asia.
This trade led to a rise in the economic prosperity of Western Europe

6. Geographic
Islam spread into Africa, Asia, and Spain because of common language

7. Social
Increased interaction with the Islamic Empire as a result of the Crusades opened Europeans up to new knowledge of science, medicine, and technology from the Muslims.
Cordoba Spain was a cultural hub of the Islamic Empire in Europe.
Europeans adopted Indian numerals from the Muslims

8. Religion Interaction Before Muslim control, Jews ostracized
Spain = center of Muslim control with lots of Jews
Under Muslim control, Cordoba becomes Western Europe’s biggest city
Muslim practice of tolerance = everyone treated well
Muslims don’t pay taxes
Jews and Christians pay taxes
Jewish bankers charge interest for loans and extend credit for businesses
Reconquista – Christians try to recapture Spain
Successful under Ferdinand and Isabella