1. Establishing Peace
Unit 2.1

2. Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace
What is required from your syllabus:
Were the hopes of the world in preventing another world war fulfilled in the 1920s?
Peace Making:
Treaty of Versailles: its intent and German reaction
League of Nations: reasons for its formation; successes and failures in the 1920s
Disarmament: role of the USA
Re-construction and Recovery: aid to Germany

3. Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace
You must be able to:
Analyse the intent of the Treaty of Versailles and German reaction to the treaty
Examine the reasons for the formation of the League of Nations and its role in promoting world peace in the 1920s
Explain the efforts of disarmament in the 1920s
Analyse the effectiveness of aid given to Germany

4. Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace
Concepts you must learn:
Collective Security
Cause and Consequence
Disarmament
Look up these terms on the Internet.
After you have found the definition for the terms, summarise the definition into an easily understandable and memorable sentence.
You have 10 minutes. Work in pairs. Post them into Wordpress.

5. Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace
Values:
Self-reliance
Resourcefulness
Determination
Strategic and Economic Survival
Patriotism
Loyalty
Do the same for this slide. You have 10 minutes.

6. Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace
Essay Assignment (2192/3 Specimen Paper) which is due in 2 parts:
Part 1 (Due on Term 1 (Week 10) Lesson
How far was the desire to punish Germany the main motive of the Allies in deciding the Terms of the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer. (12m)
Part 2 (Due on Term 2 (Week 1) Lesson
“Germany’s reactions to the Treaty of Versailles were unreasonable.” How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. (13m)

7. 11/11/1918
World War 1 Ends!

8. Armistice Day Parade, UK, 1918

9. Armistice Day Parade, UK, 1918

10. Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace
Germany agreed to a CEASEFIRE and ARMISTICE (Agreement to STOP WAR to conduct PEACE TALKS) on 11 November 1918 (Armistice Day)
Allied Powers (Winners) called for Peace Talks in 1919 in Paris (hence, Paris Peace Conference) held at Versailles Palace (hence, Versailles Treaty)
The fate of Germany and Austria-Hungary was to be decided

11. Hall of Mirrors, 1919

12. Hall of Mirrors,
Present Day

13. Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace
In pairs, find out the significance behind holding the Paris Peace Conference at the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles Palace…

14. Group Work
Question:
Study the map carefully. What can you infer about the results of the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer. (5m)

15. Group Work
Question:
Compare this map and the previous one carefully. What can you infer about the results of the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer. (5m)

16. Soldiers lying dead
in trenches…

17. A casualty of war…

18. Destruction in the
Belgian town of Ypres

19. Grenade blast and devastation
In Verdun, France, WW1

20. Devastation of French
Land, following WWI

22. Results of World War One
Bloody War
8 Million Dead
21 Million Injured
Britain had the largest number of casualties
Germany had the second highest number of casualties
Many soldiers were also physically maimed

23. Results of World War One
Costly War
France lost 250,000 buildings and its countryside was almost entirely devastated by warfare

24. Results of World War One
Costly War
France lost 250,000 buildings and its countryside was almost entirely devastated by warfare

25. Results of World War One
Economic Problems
Countries were in debt
Food shortages  Increasing Prices  Inflation
Factories are not producing goods  Shortage of Goods  Increasing Prices  Inflation
Shortage of funds to pay for repairs to damaged infrastructure (e.g. factories  unemployment)

26. Results of World War One
Political Change
German and Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed
Russia became a Communist-ruled country

27. Results of World War One
The USA:
Due to it’s late entry into WW1, the USA suffered the least damage and the least loss of life
It’s factories were not totally used for war production so it could go back to producing non-war consumer goods
It was financially stable – able to lend money to the broke Allied powers.

28. Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace
Before we begin on looking at the chapter proper, answer these questions briefly in your history groups:
Who was guilty of starting the War?
Should Germany be forced to pay for all the damage done by the Great War? Why?
What should be done about Germany’s armed forces?
What should be done about Germany’s colonies overseas?
Should territory be taken away from Germany? Why?
What are you going to do to keep peace in the world in the future?
There is no RIGHT or WRONG answer in this portion, just answer these questions based on the slides you just examined on the RESULTS OF WORLD WAR ONE
You have 30 minutes. Please upload your answers together with your names.

29. FEELINGS AFTER WWI
British people were angry with Germany - wanted to PUNISH Germany HARSHLY
FRANCE HATED Germany and wanted REVENGE
People of EASTERN EUROPE (THE BALKANS) - wanted to build new nations and RULE THEMSELVES
Russia - wanted to get back the land Germany took

30. FEELINGS AFTER WW1 ONLY USA wanted PEACE in Europe
German soldiers - angry with their government - DID NOT believe Germany lost the war
Germans - felt humiliated by the defeat - BLAMED the new government for agreeing to the ceasefire
HUMILIATED = ashamed

31. Analysing Sources
Source-based questions - Answer must USE the source as EVIDENCE
What YOU KNOW about the TOPIC
helps you focus on what is IMPORTANT in the source
UNDERSTAND the source and INFER from the source TO ANSWER THE QUESTION!!!

32. Group Work
Source A: This cartoon appeared in a British magazine, Punch in 19 Feb 1919.
What can you infer about British attitude towards Germany from the source? (5m)
GIVING HIM ROPE?
German criminal (to Allied Police): Here, I say, stop! You’re hurting me!
[Aside] If I only whine enough I may be able to wriggle out of this yet!

33. Group Work
Source B: British Empire Union cartoon, The British Empire Union was a pressure group which campaigned for people to buy
British Empire goods
What can you infer about British attitude towards Germany from Source B? (5m)

34. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE 1919
WHO ATTENDED:
BIG 3 met at Versailles in Paris to discuss how to deal with defeated powers and draw up a treaty to end the war
Britain - PM Lloyd George
France - PM George Clemenceau
USA - President Woodrow Wilson
TREATY = CONTRACT or AGREEMENT

35. Unit 2.1 Establishing Peace
The Big Three:
Britain (Lloyd George)
France (Georges Clemenceau)
USA (Woodrow Wilson

36. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE 1919
NOT PRESENT:
Russia - not TRUSTED - became a Communist country after withdrew from war half-way
Germany - defeated power - so not represented - not CONSULTED - no CHOICE but to ACCEPT TREATY
TREATY = CONTRACT or AGREEMENT
CONSULTED = ASKED

37. AIMS OF BIG 3
USA: WOODROW WILSON:
Idealist - wanted to make sure there would be PEACE and a FAIR and JUST treaty through the principles of his 14 POINTS
Wanted to set up a LEAGUE OF NATIONS - an international organisation to ensure that members settle conflicts without going to war
IDEALIST = someone who believe in finding the perfect solution

38. AIMS OF BIG 3
USA: WOODROW WILSON:
Wanted SELF-DETERMINATION for all countries
Opposed -victorious countries taking away territories from Germany
Wanted Germany punished BUT NOT HUMILIATED
SELF -DETERMINATION = countries have the right to RULE themselves or have a say in the government

39. AIMS OF BIG 3 BRITAIN: Lloyd George:
Wanted - to make sure that German NAVY would not be a THREAT to British NAVY
Worried that HARSH treaty would make Germany want to take REVENGE in future
Also worried that if Germany become too WEAK and POOR - would turn to Communism

40. AIMS OF BIG 3
BUT - British people wanted Germany PUNISHED HARSHLY - Britain suffered badly during war - slogans like ‘Hang the Kaiser’, ‘Make Germany Pay’ were common in Britain.
He was shrewd politician - needed to keep PROMISE to British people who VOTED for him
SHREWD = CLEVER / CUNNING

41. AIMS OF BIG 3 FRANCE: GEORGE CLEMENCEAU:
HATED Germany and wanted her CRIPPLED(destroyed and weakened) so badly = never be a THREAT to France again
Because = Germany had invaded France twice, 1870 and 1914 so wanted to make sure this would not happen again
Wanted REVENGE - Much of war taken place in France, with terrible damages and 1.5 million soldiers died

42. AIMS OF BIG 3 COMPENSATE = Pay for damages
FRANCE: GEORGE CLEMENCEAU:
SO he wanted to PUNISH Germany HARSHLY and to COMPENSATE for the damages! - Germany to PAY HUGE REPARATIONS
WEAKEN Germany - taking away territories
France to get back lost territories from Germany - Alsace and Lorraine
COMPENSATE = Pay for damages
REPARATIONS = MONEY to paid to compensate

43. ITALY: ORLANDO:
FORMER ally of GERMANY
Switched sides during war
Wanted to gain more TERRITORIES
He was an OPPORTUNIST
OPPORTUNIST = someone who wanted to take advantage of situation and gain something from it

44. the BIG 3 did not AGREE with each other
THEREFORE, the Versailles Treaty was a DIFFICULT treaty to NEGOTIATE because:
the BIG 3 did not AGREE with each other
and had different AIMS and PRIORITIES and often CLASHED over many issues
The Versailles treaty was THUS a result of COMPROMISE!
NEGOTIATE = DISCUSS
PRIORITIES = MOST IMPORTANT AIMS
CLASHED = Disagree
COMPROMISE = GIVING in to each other and bargaining