1. Absolutism & the Old Regime OUTLINE Defining Absolutism Defining Absolutism France & Louis XIV France & Louis XIV Absolutism Elsewhere Absolutism Elsewhere Prussia & Frederick II Prussia & Frederick II Austrian Empire & Maria Theresa Austrian Empire & Maria Theresa Russia & Peter the Great Russia & Peter the GreatIDENTIFICATIONS Absolutism Absolutism Louis XIV Louis XIV Fronde Fronde Parlement Parlement Versailles Versailles Frederick II (the Great) Frederick II (the Great)

2. Defining Absolutism A “centralized form of government dominated by a monarchy that shared little power with any other national institutions.” Example: France under Louis XIV A “centralized form of government dominated by a monarchy that shared little power with any other national institutions.” Example: France under Louis XIV Other Attempts: Other Attempts: Hohenzollerns under Frederick the Great (Prussia) Hohenzollerns under Frederick the Great (Prussia) Holy Roman Empire (ruled by the Habsburgs) Holy Roman Empire (ruled by the Habsburgs) Russia under Peter the Great Russia under Peter the Great Declining Powers Declining Powers Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire Poland Poland Ottoman Turkey Ottoman Turkey

3. Europe: The Age of Absolutism

4. Cardinal Richelieu (d. 1642) Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu (b. 1585) Chief minister to Louis XIII, Richelieu sought to enhance royal power and reduce noble ambition. Introduced the use of intendents, royal officials who implemented and oversaw royal policy throughout the country.

5. Regency of Anne of Austria & Cardinal Mazarin (1643-1661) Queen Anne of Austria (1602-1666) & Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661) Queen Anne of Austria (1602-1666) & Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661) Peace of Westphalia (1648) Peace of Westphalia (1648) Brought an end to the Thirty Years’ War Brought an end to the Thirty Years’ War France & Sweden vs. Holy Roman Empire & Spain France & Sweden vs. Holy Roman Empire & Spain Mazarin wanted to pursue the policies of Louis XIII by continuing to curb the powers of the French nobility & strengthen the power of the monarchy. Mazarin wanted to pursue the policies of Louis XIII by continuing to curb the powers of the French nobility & strengthen the power of the monarchy.

6. The Fronde (1648-1653) The Fronde (1648-1653) Led by nobles & judicial leaders (parlementaires) Led by nobles & judicial leaders (parlementaires) Parlement of Paris = a court of law, not a representative assembly Parlement of Paris = a court of law, not a representative assembly Wanted to limit the growing authority of the crown. Wanted to limit the growing authority of the crown. Princes and great nobles (les grandes) Princes and great nobles (les grandes) Also wanted to limit the power of the monarchy & protect their privileges Also wanted to limit the power of the monarchy & protect their privileges The Fronde was the last attempt of the nobility to resist the king by arms. The Fronde was the last attempt of the nobility to resist the king by arms. Results Results Humiliation of the nobles Humiliation of the nobles Strengthening of royal authority Strengthening of royal authority Disruption of the French economy Disruption of the French economy

7. Louis XIV (Reigned: 1643-1715) Reigned for 72 years, for 54 of them he personally controlled the French government. Reigned for 72 years, for 54 of them he personally controlled the French government. Louis XIV of France ranks as one of the most remarkable monarchs in history. Louis XIV of France ranks as one of the most remarkable monarchs in history. Le Roi Soleil (The Sun King) Le Roi Soleil (The Sun King) His rule has been hailed as the supreme example of absolutism. His rule has been hailed as the supreme example of absolutism. Under Louis XIV, France became stabilized, centralized, & one of the strongest powers in Europe. Under Louis XIV, France became stabilized, centralized, & one of the strongest powers in Europe. Louis XIV Painting by Rigaud Louvre

8. Louis XIV’s Drive Toward Absolutism Saw himself as God’s vicar on earth for France Saw himself as God’s vicar on earth for France Divine Right or Divine Rule Divine Right or Divine Rule The king rules through God’s grace The king rules through God’s grace Completely reorganized France, making it into a highly-centralized, well-functioning modern nation-state. Completely reorganized France, making it into a highly-centralized, well-functioning modern nation-state. Basis of reorganization: Centralization Basis of reorganization: Centralization Government administration Government administration Financial resources Financial resources Army was reserved as occupation for nobility Army was reserved as occupation for nobility

9. Developed of trade & manufacturing (mercantilism) under direction of J-B Colbert Developed of trade & manufacturing (mercantilism) under direction of J-B Colbert He believed that the state & the sovereign were one. He believed that the state & the sovereign were one. He thought that all power should be concentrated in one place - in him. He thought that all power should be concentrated in one place - in him. “L etat, c’est moi.” (“I am the State.”) “L etat, c’est moi.” (“I am the State.”) He attempted to strengthen the crown by diminishing the individual privileges of French nobles. He attempted to strengthen the crown by diminishing the individual privileges of French nobles. Sun King (le roi soleil) Sun King (le roi soleil) Louis XIV’s Drive Toward Absolutism

10. Palace of Versailles

11. La Chateau de Versailles Built under the direction of achitect, Louis le Vau, beginning in 1668.

12. Gardens of Versailles

14. Grand cour de Versailles

15. Palace of Versailles (Hall of Mirrors) The best example of Baroque architecture at the time. Designed by Charles Le Brun

16. Palace of Versailles (Hall of Mirrors)

17. Palace of Versailles (Royal Chapel)

18. Imagery at Versailles (Le Roi Soleil)

19. Louis XIV’s Wars 1667 invaded Spanish Netherlands 1667 invaded Spanish Netherlands Defeated by the British & Dutch Defeated by the British & Dutch 1672-1678: Louis aligned with the Charles II (England) against the Dutch 1672-1678: Louis aligned with the Charles II (England) against the Dutch France gained territory France gained territory War of the League of Augsburg (1668-1697) War of the League of Augsburg (1668-1697) Grand Alliance against France Grand Alliance against France France lost France lost War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) France lost most of the battles but achieved it goal—the installation of a French prince as king of Spain. France lost most of the battles but achieved it goal—the installation of a French prince as king of Spain.

20. Limited Monarchy: The Dutch Republic and England The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic The United Provinces The United Provinces Internal dissension Internal dissension The House of Orange and the Stadholders The House of Orange and the Stadholders The States General opposes the House of Orange The States General opposes the House of Orange William III (1672 – 1702) William III (1672 – 1702) Trade damaged by wars Trade damaged by wars

21. England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy Revolution and Civil War Revolution and Civil War James I (1603 – 1625) and the House of Stuart James I (1603 – 1625) and the House of Stuart Divine Right of Kings Divine Right of Kings Parliament and the power of the purse Parliament and the power of the purse Religious policies Religious policies The Puritans The Puritans Charles I (1625 – 1649) Charles I (1625 – 1649) Petition of Right Petition of Right “Personal Rule” (1629 – 1640): Parliament does not meet “Personal Rule” (1629 – 1640): Parliament does not meet Religious policy angers Puritans Religious policy angers Puritans

22. Civil War (1642 – 1648) Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell New Model Army New Model Army Charles I executed (January 30, 1649) Charles I executed (January 30, 1649) Parliament abolishes the monarchy Parliament abolishes the monarchy Cromwell dissolves Parliament (April 1653) Cromwell dissolves Parliament (April 1653) Cromwell divides country into 11 regions Cromwell divides country into 11 regions Cromwell dies (1658) Cromwell dies (1658)

23. Restoration & Glorious Revolution Charles II (1660 – 1685) Charles II (1660 – 1685) Declaration of Indulgence (1672) Declaration of Indulgence (1672) Test Act (1673) – Only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices Test Act (1673) – Only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices James II (1685 – 1688) James II (1685 – 1688) Devout Catholic Devout Catholic Declaration of Indulgence (1687) Declaration of Indulgence (1687) Protestant daughters: Mary and Anne Protestant daughters: Mary and Anne Catholic son born in 1688 Catholic son born in 1688 Parliament invites Mary and her husband, William of Orange, to invade England Parliament invites Mary and her husband, William of Orange, to invade England James II, wife and son flee to France James II, wife and son flee to France Mary and William of Orange offered throne (1689) Mary and William of Orange offered throne (1689) Bill of Rights Bill of Rights The Toleration Act of 1689 The Toleration Act of 1689

24. Responses to the Revolution Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679) Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679) Leviathan (1651) Leviathan (1651) People form a commonwealth People form a commonwealth People have no right to rebel People have no right to rebel John Locke (1632 – 1704) John Locke (1632 – 1704) Two Treatises of Government Two Treatises of Government Inalienable Rights: Life, Liberty and Property Inalienable Rights: Life, Liberty and Property People and Sovereign form a government People and Sovereign form a government If government does not fulfill its duties, people have the right to revolt If government does not fulfill its duties, people have the right to revolt