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Input of musical notation Music 253/CS 275A Stanford University.

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1 Input of musical notation Music 253/CS 275A Stanford University

2 Input methods (1930) 1. Symbolic data entry 2. Graphics assembly 3. Sound capture 4. Optical recognition 5. Combination systems CS 275A/Mus 2532015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field2 Sonogram (Carl Seashore et al., since c. 1930) How can this be processed?

3 Input methods (1984) 1. Symbolic data entry 2. Graphics assembly 3. Sound capture 4. Optical recognition CS 275A/Mus 2532015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field3 Lisa 1 (1984) How can this be processed? Apple G&S: Brian Howard, Jef Raskin

4 Calculation methods 1. Symbolic data entry 2. Graphics assembly 3. Sound capture 4. Optical recognition CS 275A/Mus 2532015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field4 What can these machines process? Babbage analytical engine (1849) Babbage Difference Engine, Analytical Engine--CHM reconstruction (2008) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBuJqUfO4-w

5 Samson box (for “audio computation” c. 1975-80) CS 275A/Mus 2532015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field 5 Gareth Loy’s full article (2013) at: http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/COMJ_a_00193 Alex Di Nunzio, “Samson Box,” http://www.musicainformatica.org/topics/samson-box.php

6 Symbolic codes for music 1965-1985: hand encoding (type keyboard) DARMS (Digital Alternate Rep. of Music Scores) MUSTRAN, IML-MIR et al. CS 275A/Mus 2532015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field6 (“Great Society” encoding scheme) Designed for mainframes, card-readers Few printing possibilities Important for the thinking that went into the task documentation Implementation (school music, esoteric repertories)

7 DARMS Pioneers Stefan Bauer-Mengelberg (1927-1996) IBM mathematician; developer Assistant conductor (to Leonard Bernstein) Implemented system for making a computer transcribe a composition (by Stefan Volpe) Edited papers of Gödel (Escher, Bach) IP lawyer Jef Raskin (1942-2005) Apple #4 co-dev (with Brian Howard, Apple #32) of Apple G&S (forerunner of QuickTime) Developed original Mac interface Composer First person to implement DARMS (1966) CS 275A/Mus 2532015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field7 Raskin system, 1967 Adding beams Encoding music

8 Ancestors of computer typesetting of music (1955-75) Leuning, Ussachefsky et al. Columbia-Princeton tape-music collaboration (from 1954) Leland Smith (SCORE, 1974-2013) Prof. of composition Stanford AI lab CS 275A/Mus 2532015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field8 J. McCarthy L. Smith

9 Cheerleaders for hand encoding Raymond Erickson (DARMS) Queens Univ., NY (open) Tom Hall (DARMS) A-R Editions, WI (proprietary) Michael Kassler (IML/MIR ) Princeton, 1970s Don Byrd ( 2000s-Nightingale) Princeton, 1980s Indiana U., 1990s-present Don Byrd’ music typesetting CS 275A/Mus 2532015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field9 Doug Hofstadter’s text (1979) Ray Erickson

10 2. MIDI-assisted era (1985-2005) Machine and hand input point and click palettes (graphic assembly with mouse) Many problems with MIDI timing resolution Cross-hatched systems (part MIDI, part hand) Printing options kept changing 1970s: plotters (SCORE) 1980s: dot-matrix printers (MuseData) 1990s: laser printers, PostScript 1985-2005: high-end phototypesetting shops CS 275A/Mus 2532015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field10

11 Finale: input (1987--) CS 275A/Mus 2532015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field11 Three methods of data entry Simple entry note palette rest palette Speedy Entry HyperScribe

12 Finale: special notations (1997--) CS 275A/Mus 2532015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field12 Guitar tablature Lute tablature (with XML support) Jazz script

13 Finale: Refinements CS 275A/Mus 2532015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field13 Adjustment details Stem issues Notehead issues Beam issues Dots Ties Developed by series of programmers

14 Sibelius: Input CS 275A/Mus 2532015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field14 “Create” menu Setup parameters Key signature Clef Time signature Changes to No. of staves Braces Key User communities UK Juilliard Ex-SCORE users

15 Sibelius: editing CS 275A/Mus 2532015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field15 Set up dialogue boxes Location Text Lines Bars Staves “Keyboard” editor Rhythmic value Pitch inflection Rest Developed by Finn brothers (Cambridge UK)

16 Sibelius: parts and scores CS 275A/Mus 2532015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field16 Part/Score relations Size relationships Part groupings Preview vs. save Markup

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