1. PLANTS
Parts
Clasification
Reproduction

2. Parts of a Vascular Plant
vertical axis
Underground: root to absorb water and ions and anchor
above ground: shoot:
stem serves as a framework for positioning the leaves
Leaves: photosynthesis takes place
growth zones: unspecialized cells called meristems

3. Tissue Types Dermal: Vascular: 2 types outer protective covering
covered by a waxy layer called the cuticle, effective barrier against water loss
Vascular: 2 types
Xylem
water and minerals pass from the roots to the shoots, when water reaches the leaves, most exits through the stomata
Phloem
principal food-conducting tissue

4. 1. Roots Main Roots have: central column of xylem
alternating are strands of phloem
surrounding the central column, a cylinder of cells called pericycle: branch or lateral roots form from

5. A root cross section

6. 2. Stems Growth: vascular tissue types:
Primary: leaves appear while the apical meristem elongates
Secondary: differentiation of the vascular tissue
vascular tissue types:
dicots, vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) are around the outside of the stem
monocots, vascular bundles are scattered throughout

7. places of the stem where leaves form are called nodes
portions of the stem between these leaf attachment points are called internodes

8. source of economically important product: wood
is accumulated xylem
displays rings based on the growth rate differences: cambium divides more actively in the spring and summer
bark (periderm): all of the tissues of a mature stem outside of the vascular cambium including the cork

9. 3. Leaves
Growth: marginal meristems which grow outward and ultimately form the blade (the flattened portion) of the leaf
leaf veins, comprised of xylem and phloem, run through the leaf
dicots, the veins have a net or reticulate venation
monocots, the veins are parallel

10. Water Movement factors:
initial movement of water into the roots: osmosis
fluid in the xylem contains more solutes than the surroundings
capillary action adds “pull” to the movement of water up
A final “pull” is transpiration, water evaporating from the top (leaf) of the tube pulls the column of water up
the column of water does not collapse because water molecules are attracted to each other
the narrower the diameter of the tube, the more tensile strength, or resistance to separation, of the water column

12. Plant Classification complex multicellular organisms
Autotrophs, feed themselves by photosynthesis
almost exclusively on land
dominant organisms on the surface of the earth

13. Plant Evolution ancestor probably: green algae
Four key evolutionary advances:
alternation of generations,
vascular tissue, transports water and nutrients and provides support
Seeds, provide nutrients and protection for the plant embryo until it encounters favorable growing conditions
flowers and fruits, facilitated fertilization and dispersal of their seeds

14. 1. Nonvascular Plants size limited
materials transported by osmosis and diffusion
mosses

15. 2. Seedless Vascular Plants
ferns
sporophyte generation is much larger and complex

16. Vascular Tissue
specialized cylindrical or elongated cells that form a network throughout a plant

17. 3. Vascular, Seed Plants
Seed: crucial adaptation to land to protect the embryonic plant
produce two kinds of gametophytes:
develop within the sporophyte
male: pollen grains
female: egg within an ovule
gymnosperms
ovules are not completely enclosed
angiosperms
ovules are completely enclosed

18. Gymnosperms Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgo, seeds in cones
most needle-like leaves
Cycads,
palmlike leaves
Ginkgo,
fan-shaped leaves

19. Angiosperms: flowers 90% all living plants
Embryos store food reserves in seed leaves or cotyledons
monocots have one cotyledon
dicots have two cotyledons

20. Angiosperm Reproduction
sexual
Asexual

21. Asexual, vegetative reproduction
new individuals are cloned from parts of the parent
Samples:
Runners, stems growing along the soil
Rhizomes, underground horizontal stems

22. Sexual reproduction: alternation of generations
male gametophytes: pollen grains
female gametophyte: embryo sac

23. Flowers Base: receptacle four concentric circles:
1. Sepals, protect
2. Petals, attract pollinators
3. male parts: stamens, anther with the pollen grains
4. female parts: ovules in the bulging base called ovary, a stalk style, sticky tip stigma to receive the pollen

24. different kinds of flowers: because insects and plants coevolved
insects specialize in visiting particular kinds of flowers
Birds also pollinate some flowers, especially red ones

25. Formation of pollen and egg
Eggs develop in the ovules
each ovule contains a megaspore mother cell that undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores, only one survives to undergo repeated mitotic divisions that produce eight haploid nuclei

27. process by which pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma
Pollination
process by which pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma
gymnosperms, pollen is dispersed by wind; species must grow close, flowers are small, green, and odorless
angiosperms use animals to carry pollen from flower to flower and are rewarded with food; e.g., nectar

28. it releases two sperm cells: double fertilization
Pollen grains adhere to the surface of the stigma and begin to grow a pollen tube until it reaches the ovule in the ovary, entry to the embryo sac
it releases two sperm cells: double fertilization
one sperm fertilizes the egg
the other sperm goes on to form endosperm

29. Seed three parts embryo
endosperm, a source for food for the developing embryo (cotyledons)
a drought-resistant protective cover

30. Seeds improved the adaptation of plants to living in land:
Dispersal into new habitats
Dormancy and Germination, plants postpone development until conditions are favorable
Nourishment; provisions the seed during the critical period just after germination

31. Fruits Is a mature ripened ovary containing fertilized seeds
angiosperms use fruits to have animals aid in the dispersal of seeds; although eaten the seeds are resistant to chewing and digestion passing out with the feces and ready to germinate

32. Types of fruits and common modes of dispersion

33. Practice questions
1. Growth in vascular plants is regulated and coordinated by:
photosynthetic tissue
root tissue
meristematic tissue
2. In vascular plants, phloem tissue transports _______
3. In stems, the tissue responsible for secondary growth is the:
Collenchyma
Pith
Cambium
cortex

34. 4. One difference between monocot/dicot plant stems is the:
absence of buds in monocots
organization of vascular tissue
presence of guard cells
5. Which of the following is not a process that directly assists in water movement from the roots to the leaves?
photosynthesis
root osmotic pressure
capillary action
transpiration
6. Sexual reproduction in angiosperms requires male _______

35. 7. The flower shape, scent, color, nectar in the flowers of some angiosperms are related to the plant's __
9. Fruit forms from a flower's:
Ovary B) sepals C) carpels D) stigma
10. Which of the following structures does not give the plants an evolutionary advantage?
A)chloroplasts B)vascular tissue C)seeds D)flowers
11. Mosses do not reach a large size because
12. One characteristic that separates ferns from more complex vascular plants is that ferns do not have

36. 13. What separates the gymnosperms from the rest of the vascular plants is:
a vascular system
ovules completely covered
ovules not completely covered
fruits and flowers
14. What separates the angiosperms from the rest of the vascular plants is:
ovules not completely covered by the sporophyte
15. Flower shape and color can be linked to the process of
16. If the seeds of a plant are encased in a fleshy fruit, then the most likely form of dispersal is:
to attach to an animal's fur or skin
Wind
an animal's digestive system and processes
water