1. Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
Chapter 8

2. Do Now What is energy? What is the ultimate source of energy on earth?
Where do we get our energy from?

3. Objectives 1. SWBAT identify the laws of thermodynamics.
2. SWBAT differentiate between catabolic and anabolic reactions.

4. 8.1 Energy Transformation of Energy Energy Thermodynamics
-is the ability to do work.
Thermodynamics
-is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.

5. Laws of Thermodynamics
First law —energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed.
Ex. Chemical Energy to Mechanical Energy

6. Laws of Thermodynamics
Second law —energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy.
Ex. Energy Lost as Heat

7. Second Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy
Measure of disorder (randomness)
Measure of unusable energy
Entropy always ___________.

8. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food.
-Ex. Chemotrophs:
-Ex.
Heterotrophs are organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy.
Ex.

9. Metabolism Metabolism: Two types of Metabolic Pathways:
All chemical reactions in a cell
Two types of Metabolic Pathways:
Catabolic: Release energy by breaking down larger molecules
Anabolic: Use energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones

10. Think- Pair - Share
Of the following examples, list which ones are catabolic and anabolic
1. Amino acids becoming polypeptide chain
2. Glucose becoming glycogen
3. Your body breaking down food
4. Fatty Acids becoming triglycerides

11. Cellular respiration —organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell
-type of process:
Photosynthesis —light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell
-Type of Process:

12. Cellular Respiration
Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration.
The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis.

13. Objectives
1. SWBAT define wavelength, visible light, absorbance and transmittance.
2. SWBAT measure the separation and identify the chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments.
3. SWBAT compare and contrast chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments.

14. Do Now List the following as catabolic or anabolic reactions
1. Burning a candle
2. Swimming in a pool
3. Baking a cake
4. New leaves Growing
5. A car driving (think fuel)

15. Objectives
1. SWBAT differentiate between catabolic and anabolic reactions.
2. SWBAT define ATP and ADP.
3. SWBAT provide examples of different wavelengths of light.

16. Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP)
Structure:
Adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups

17. Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP)
Function:
bond breaks between the second and third phosphate groups to release energy
Creating adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group.

18. Light Form of energy Travels in waves
Distance between waves is called a wavelength

19. Wavelengths
Different types of light have different wavelengths

20. Visible Light
The light we see is visible light.

21. Which color has….
The longest wavelength?
The shortest wavelength?

22. Light
The light you see is the reflected light. All other colors are absorbed.

23. SOOOO…. Why do we see green when we look at a plant?
Why is the sky blue?

24. We can only see Visible Light.
From 400 – 700 nm
ROYGBV
Red has the longest wavelengths
Violet has the shortest

25. Think-Pair-Share When do we see a rainbow? How is a rainbow made?
Is there an end to a rainbow?

26. Pigment Chemical compound that gives a substance it’s color
Causes certain wavelengths to be absorbed and other to be reflected
Pigments are everywhere (clothes, flowers, etc.)
Ex. Chlorophyll, Carotenoid

27. THINK – PAIR – SHARE Using the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll…
What colors does chlorophyll absorb?
What colors does it reflect?
What color does it appear to us?

28. Chlorophyll A green pigment that aids in photosynthesis
Found in leaves (Chlorophyll b and Chlorophyll a)
Reflects:
Absorbs:

29. Think – Pair - Share Using the absorption spectrum of carotenoids…
What colors does carotenoid absorb?
What colors does it reflect?
What color does it appear to us?

30. Carotenoids Accessory Pigment that absorbs blue and green light
Reflects ____________
found in most leaves
Usually hidden by chlorophyll

31. Do Now 1. What colors does this pigment absorb?
2. What colors does it reflect?
3. What color does it appear to us?
4. What pigment do
you think it is?

32. Overall

34. Structure of a Chloroplast

35. Photosynthesis Equation
What do you notice about this equation?

36. Photosynthesis occurs in two phases
A. Light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin cycle or Dark Reactions)
B. Light-dependent reactions (AKA Light reactions)
**Smartboard**

37. Objectives SWBAT analyze an absorption spectrum.
SWBAT identify the inputs and outputs of Calvin cycle.
SWBAT explain the importance of Light Reactions.

38. Do Now What would happen if our sun burned out?
Use the following words in your answer:
Photosynthesis
Plants
Glucose

39. Objectives
1. SWBAT define wavelength, visible light, absorbance and transmittance.
2. SWBAT measure the separation and identify the chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments.
2. SWBAT compare and contrast chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll pigments.

40. Objectivies SWBAT identify parts of the chloroplast.
SWBAT list the inputs and outputs of the calvin cycle
SWBAT compare and contrast the calvin cycle and krebs cycle.

41. Let’s try some sample math problems before we begin
Jenny is selling apples. She paid 2 dollars per apple and is selling each apple at 7 dollars. How much NET profit is Jenny making if she sells 1 apple?
10 apples?

42. Do Now
1. Explain why plants contain different pigments.

43. Do Now – Calvin Cycle Questions
1. Which contains more energy: one molecule of NADP+ or one molecule of NADPH ?
2. What is the name of the three carbon molecule that is a product of the Calvin cycle (“dark” reactions)?
3. Name the molecule that is taken from the air and that provides the carbon for the production of carbohydrates during the Calvin cycle.

44. Do Now Define Chemiosmosis:
Write a paragraph describing light reactions.

45. Objectives
1. SWBAT explain the steps involved in light reactions and answer questions based on it.
2. SWBAT watch and listen to an animation of the calvin cycle and light reactions.
3. SWBAT answer questions on different parts of the calvin cycle and light reactions

46. Chemiosmosis
Mechanism in which ATP is produced as a result from the flow of electrons down a concentration gradient
Ex. Light Reactions

47. Alternative Pathways
Light and Water can limit the amount of photosynthesis a plant can perform.
Some plants develop alternate pathways to maximize energy conservation
Ex. CAM and C4 Plants

48. C4 Plants These plants minimize water lost
Turn CO2 into a 4 carbon molecule instead of a 3 carbon molecule
Keeps stomata (plant cell pores) closed during hot days
Ex. Corn and Sugar Cane

49. CAM Plants
Occurs in water-conserving plants that live in deserts, salt marshes, etc.
CO2 only enters leaves at night
Turns CO2 into a “storage molecule” until needed later
Ex. Orchids, cacti, pineapples

50. 11. Pathway that allows carbon dioxide to enter leaves only at night
Description
Calvin C4
CAM
  9. The second phase of photosynthesis, in which energy is stored in glucose
10. Pathway(s) that help(s) plants photosynthesize while minimizing water loss
11. Pathway that allows carbon dioxide to enter leaves only at night
12. Light-independent reactions
13. Uses the enzyme rubisco to convert carbon dioxide into molecules that can be used by the cell
14. Type of plant found in hot, dry environments

51. Do Now – True or False
1. The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis in the absence of oxygen is fermentation.
2. The hydrogen necessary in the electron transport chain comes from the splitting of carbon dioxide molecules.
3. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes is slightly more efficient than in prokaryotes.
4. The Krebs cycle is sometimes called the TCA cycle or the citric acid cycle.
5. Fermentation occurs in the mitochondria.
6. Skeletal muscle produces lactic acid when the body cannot supply enough oxygen.
7. Alcohol fermentation is found in some bacteria and in humans.
8. The two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis result in two Krebs cycles.
9. Electron transport is the first step in the breakdown of glucose.

53. Objectives
SWBAT answer short answer and multiple choice questions on photosynthesis
SWBAT watch animations of light reactions and calvin cycle and answer questions based on it.

55. Do Now A. Label the diagram.
B. What is the name of the entire process?

56. Objectives
1. SWBAT identify inputs and outputs to both calvin cycle and light reactions.
2. SWBAT work in groups to answer questions on photosynthesis to review for their upcoming test.

57. Do Now How does our body make energy?
List some of the key ingredients needed to create energy in our bodies.

58. Objectives SWBAT define Riboflavin and Niacin.
SWBAT identify the inputs and outputs of glycolysis.

59. NADH and FADH2 FADH2 (Riboflavin) FADH2 FAD + 2 H+ + 2e- NADH (Niacin)
B2 Vitamin
Accepts 2 electrons
NADH (Niacin)
NADH NAD+ + H e-
B3 Vitamin

60. Cellular respiration occurs in two main parts.
Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Anaerobic Respiration

62. Let’s try some sample math problems before we begin
Jenny is selling apples. She paid 2 dollars per apple and is selling each apple at 7 dollars. How much NET profit is Jenny making if she sells 1 apple?
10 apples?

63. Smartnotebook

64. Do Now
1. If 28 ATP were made in glycolysis, how many glucose molecules were consumed?
2. Where does the carbon in carbon dioxide come from?
3. In glycolysis, if 18 NADH are produced, how many ATP are produced?
How many glucose molecules are consumed?

65. Sooo….
Why do we breathe oxygen??? We take in oxygen as other forms. Ex. water (H20).
BUT WHY MUST WE BREATHE IN OXYGEN GAS????

66. Do Now What happens when we don’t get enough oxygen?
What does our body do?

67. Objectives
SWBAT compare and contrast alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
SWBAT design an experiment to try to maximize the amount CO2 produced from fermentation.

68. Stand up! Move your arm up and down for three minutes!
Do not stop until the time is up!?
What is happening in your arm?

69. Anaerobic Respiration
Yeast, People, Bacteria, Fungus
Making ATP without oxygen
Used to make beer, wine, and bread

70. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic acid is associated with the “burn” associated with heavy exercise
If too much lactic acid builds up, your muscles give out

71. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Inputs:
Glucose, 2ADP
Outputs:
2ATP, 2 lactic acid
Ex:
Bacteria that help in making yogurt.
Human muscle cells when out of oxygen.

72. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Physical conditioning allows your body to adapt to increased activity
The body can increase its ability to deliver oxygen to muscles
Long-distance runners wait until the final sprint to exceed their aerobic capacity

73. Bread and Alcoholic Beverages
Use Yeast
Carbon dioxide is produced and ethanol

74. Alcohol Fermentation Inputs: Outputs: Ex: Glucose, 2ADP
2ATP, 2 ethanol, 2 CO2
Ex:
Yeast in wine and beer production.

75. Why don’t you get drunk off bread?
Take a minute and pair up with the person sitting NEXT to you and discuss this question.

76. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic RespirationIF
“Aerobic”
Mitochondria
Cell Membrane TP
Glycolysis
Glucose
2 Pyruvic Acid
“Anaerobic”
If NO 02

77. Lab – Alcohol Fermentation of Yeast
Yeast – have a mitochondria and can perform aerobic respiration as well.
Yeast – do anaerobic respiration (alcohol Fermentation)
Outputs: CO2, ATP, and Ethanol
Sucrose= glucose and fructose
Feedback Inhibition- too much of product stops the reaction
Yeast- used for bread, and alcoholic beverages

78. Lab
We are trying to get the most Carbon Dioxide production by doing the MOST anaerobic respiration
Using Helium quality balloons because helium is a smaller atom than CO2

79. Do Now Why do your muscles burn after you exercise?
Do we do anaerobic or aerobic respiration?
What are the differences between the two?

80. Do Now What is light? What are the different forms of light?
What is the kind of light we can see?

81. Do Now – Label the area this happens
1. Photosynthesis Cholorplast
2. Cellular respiration Mitochondria
3. Glucose Carbon dioxide
4. Oxygen

82. Objectives
SWBAT compare and contrast cellular respiration and photosynthesis
SWBAT answer questions to help them review for their upcoming test.