1. Title Slide 1 03060

2.  Importance of process  Comparative cost estimates  Ventilation and other environmental issues 03079/ 2

3.  Design process  Tunnel structure  Ventilation  Lighting  Finishes 03079/ 3

4.  Determine number of lanes needed  Select tunnel shape  Determine depth required  Analyze ground characteristics  Select tunnel construction method 03079/ 4

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6. Depth 03079/ 6

7.  Hard ground  Soft ground  Under water 03079/ 7

8.  Tunnel boring machines  Road headers  Drill and blast 03079/ 8

9.  Cut-and-cover  Shields  Grouting  Ground freezing  NATM 03079/ 9

10. 03079/ 10  Immersed tube

11. Types of tunnel ventilation systems  Natural  Longitudinal  Transverse 03079/ 11

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16. 03079/ 16 Eisenhower Tunnel USA Mont-Blanc Tunnel Switzerland

17. 03079/ 17  Symmetrical  Line of sight  Counter-beam

18. CCTV Radio rebroadcast, cell phone CO, NO X Monitor Wall tile or panel Pavement Ceiling Panel Exhaust air Supply air Lights on ceiling or wall Emergency walkway and egress system 03079/ 18

19. 03079/ 19 Ted Williams Tunnel Boston, Massachusetts Laerdall Norway

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21. RankNameLocation Length (miles) Year Comp Vehicles/Day (x1,000) Ventilation “Air Cleaning” Technology 1LaerdalNorway15.320001Electrostatic precipitators; NO x filtration; CO-unknown 3ZhongwanshanChina11.32009Unknown 4St. Gotthard Road Tunnel Switzerland10.51980 reopened 2001 19None 5ArlbergAustria8.61978None 03079/ 21 2 TBD California, USA 11.5TBD110 est.TBD

22. 03079/ 22 RankNameLocation Length (miles) Year Comp Vehicles/Day (x1,000) Ventilation “Air Cleaning” Technology 6HsuehshanChina/ Taiwan 8.12005None 7FrejusFrance/Italy8.019803.3 trucks/ day None 8Mont-BlancFrance/Italy7.31965 reopened 2002 2.5 trucks/ day None Portage Glacier Highway Alaska, USA 2.52000None Eisenhower Tunnel Colorado, USA 1.71973/ 1979 31.1None Hanging LakeColorado, USA 0.7199219.8None

23.  Establish a process for reviewing tunnel alternatives  Insist on comparative cost estimates  Insist on ventilation solutions as part of all tunneling evaluations 03079/ 23

24.  Do tunnels cost more than highways and bridges? If so, how much more?  Is there a way to clean the air that comes out of the ventilation building before releasing it into the atmosphere?  Does the air that comes out of the vent building smell? Will I be able to see it coming out (like a smokestack)?  How do the environmental regulators generally regard tunnel projects – positively or negatively?  What do you do with all the dirt and rock that’s excavated from a tunnel project? ... 03079/ 24