1. Punishment before the ‘Bloody Code’
Death for murder, rape and stealing
Fines for cheating, breaking agreements, assault
Being outlawed
Humiliation
Whipping
Stocks
Pillory

2. Early Modern Period – when was it?

3. Reasons for the ‘Bloody Code’
Changing society
Rising population
Growing towns
Rise of business – more rich people
Invention of printing – broadsheets full of crime stories
The belief that the crime rate was rising
Unemployment
Fear of rebellion
Rich trying to control the poor
Protecting property
Attempt to scare people and deter them from crime

4. ‘New crimes’ in the Early Modern Period
Vagrants and vagabonds
Highwaymen
Smugglers
Poachers

5. Why were there so many vagrants, vagabonds and sturdy beggars?
Problems in the cloth industry
Enclosure of land in villages
Many people with no jobs
High prices
End of wars – soldiers with no work
Growing population – shortage of jobs and food
No system to help the poor and sick
Monasteries closed down

6. How were they dealt with?
Licences and badges for sick and disabled ‘deserving poor’
Vagrancy Acts
‘sturdy beggars’ punished
Whipped
Stocks
Banished from town
Forced to work
Branded
Houses of correction
slavery
None of these measures worked

7. Why were smugglers hard to control?
No police force
Taxation unpopular
Many people supported smugglers or gained from them
Violent smuggling gangs, people afraid of them
Villagers did not report on smuggling to the authorities
Customs officers and government sometimes involved in smuggling

8. Why did poaching become a crime?
Common shared land was being enclosed by rich farmers
They wanted to protect their property

9. Why was there a big increase in highwaymen?
Unemployed ex-soldiers with guns and horses
Horses cheap to buy
Better coaches and roads
More people travelling
No banks so people carried money
Lots of isolated spots where robbery was easy
No police force

10. Why was there no police force?
People didn’t want to pay more tax
People thought it would invade their privacy
People thought it would not work
People feared it would be like an army on the streets taking away freedom

11. What was there instead of police?
Constables
Watchmen
Horse patrols
Thames River Police
Fielding brothers
Bow Street Runners
‘Hue and Cry’ Newspaper

12. The Industrial Period – when was it?

13. Why did highway robbery decrease?
Banks
Horse patrols
More traffic on the roads
Built up areas – less isolated places
Horses more expensive
More job opportunities

14. What 3 big reforms were brought in by Sir Robert Peel?
Ending of the Bloody Code
Prison Reform 1823
Metropolitan Police 1829

15. Why was the Bloody Code ended?
It was not working
Crime going up
People enjoyed executions
Courts did not want to convict
Other forms of punishment
Transportation
Prisons
Changing ideas and attitudes

16. Why did the authorities transport criminals to Australia?
To scare and deter people
Alternative to hanging
To remove criminals and protesters from society
Cheap labour to build up Australia
Prevent other countries from taking Australia

17. Why did transportation end?
Too expensive
Seen as too harsh
Not a deterrent – many had a better life in Australia
Australians did not want any more convicts
New prisons seen as more effective
The gold rush – many people travelled to Australia hoping to get rich

18. Why was the prison system changed?
Pressure from campaigners
John Howard
Elizabeth Fry
Terrible state of prisons
Crowded
Female and male together
Dirty, disease ridden
Hulks
Not a punishment, only a holding place
Privately run
‘schools for crime’
Need for an alternative to hanging and transportation

19. What were the new prisons like?
Clean, big, organised
Male and female separate
Visits by doctors and chaplains
Uniforms
Officers employed by the state
Separate system
Silent system
Useful work
Pointless tasks
Crank
Picking oakum
treadwheel

20. Why was the Metropolitan Police set up?
Rising crime
People willing to pay tax for better services
Fear of protest
Growth of cities

21. How did policing change during the 19th century?
Police forces all over the country
Detectives
Growing public acceptance and popularity

22. Why was the crime rate going down at the end of the 19th century?
More effective policing
Better prisons
Fairer punishment system supported by most people

23. The Modern Period – when was it?
1900-now

24. How did technology change policing in the 20th century?
Fingerprinting
Radios
Computers
DNA
Cars and motorbikes
CCTV and speed cameras

25. In what other ways has policing changed?
Community policing and Neighbourhood Watch
Special units
Drugs
Anti-terrorism
Transport
Fraud
Training
Weapons

26. How did prisons change in the 20th century?
Separate System ended
Open prisons
High security prisons
No hard labour or beatings
Detention centres for the young

27. Why was capital punishment abolished in the 1960s?
Some innocent people hanged
‘wrong to kill’
Countries without a death penalty do not have more murders
Juries more likely to convict if no death penalty
Most murders are not planned so fear of execution would not stop them

28. What alternatives to prison have been developed?
Probation
Community service
Tagging
ASBOs
Drug or alcohol treatment centres (‘rehab’)

29. PROTEST: what are the 3 topics?
Kett’s Rebellion
Suffragettes
General Strike

30. Kett’s Rebellion: reasons for the protest.
Privatisation of the land
Land enclosure – fences
Rising prices and rents
Bad harvests
Insecurity due to war and religious change
Sheep farming leading to unemployment

31. Kett’s Rebellion: nature of the protest
Pulled down fences
Marched to Norwich
Encampment on Mousehold Heath
Parliament and courts
Elected council
Tree of Reformation
29 grievances – asking for rights and freedoms
Took over Norwich

32. Kett’s Rebellion: reaction of the authorities
Royal messengers offering full pardon
No response to grievances
Food supply stopped
Army of mainly foreign soldiers under the Earl of Warwick
Rebels beaten in battle and leaders hung, drawn and quartered

33. Was Kett a good leader? Could the rebels have acted differently?

34. Suffragettes: reasons for the protest.
Women denied the vote
Failure of the government to make changes
Peaceful pressure by the suffragists was not working

35. Suffragettes : nature of the protest
Demonstrations and protest meetings
‘Black Friday’ 1910
Direct action e.g.
Chaining to railings
Setting fire to buildings and post boxes
Emily Davison ran in front of the King’s horse at the Derby 1913
Use of the media
Suffragette newspaper ‘Votes for Women’
leaflets

36. Suffragettes : reaction of the authorities
Women banned from political meetings
Violent response to protest – women assaulted on ‘Black Friday’
Women arrested and imprisoned
Force feeding
‘Cat and Mouse’ Act 1913

37. Women got the vote after the First World War (1918 richer women over 30 – 1928 all women). Was this because of the Suffragettes’ actions, or because of the war?

38. General Strike: reasons for the protest.
Mine owners wanted to cut the pay of coal miners and make them work longer hours
The Trades Union Congress wanted the mines nationalised
When the government’s Royal Commission supported the owners, the miners’ union asked the TUC for support
Members of the TUC – workers across Britain – voted to strike to support the miners.

39. General Strike : nature of the protest
Two and a half million workers on strike
Docks, transport, newspapers, industries closed down
Daily strike newspaper, The British Worker
Social and sports events for strikers and families
Support for the strike was growing
Non-violent except for occasional clashes

40. General Strike : reaction of the authorities
When a strike was likely in 1925, Baldwin (Prime Minister) set up a Royal Commission to give the government time to:
Build up stocks of coal
Organise the army in camps outside main cities
Get volunteers to break the strike driving vehicles etc
Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies (OMS)
Teams of middle and upper class volunteers
Used the navy to bring food and the army to escort food lorries
Used the police to keep control
Daily government newspaper, The British Gazette
Used BBC radio to spread propaganda against the strike
Secret talks with the TUC leaders

41. General Strike: the outcome
TUC leaders called off the strike after 9 days
The government refused to follow the deal that ended the strike
Miners carried on strike for 7 months but eventually gave in
Miners were forced to accept lower pay and longer hours
Government passed laws against trades unions

42. Why did the strike fail? Did the TUC leaders betray their members and the miners? Could they have won if they continued with the strike?

43. Compare the three protests – similarities and differences
Why did the protests happen?
How successful were they and why?
How effective were the responses of the authorities and why?