1. P ulmonary circulation

2. What is the cardiovascular system? The heart is a double pump heart  arteries  arterioles  veins  venules  capillaries

3. PULMONARY CIRCULATION With blood returning FROM the Body TO the Heart…(via the Vena Cava): Right Atrium  Tricuspid Valve  Right Ventricle  Pulmonary Semilunar Valve  Pulmonary Trunk  Pulmonary Arteries (2)  Alveoli in the Lungs   Capillaries in the Alveoli ONCE BLOOD REACHES THE CAPILLARIES – GAS & NUTRIENT EXCHANGE OCCURS! In Pulmonary Circulation, this means that Carbon Dioxide is released to the alveoli in the lungs and Oxygen is picked up by the bloodstream.  Pulmonary Veins (4)  Left Atrium  Back to Systemic Circulation REMEMBER…the Left & Right sides of the heart pump blood SIMULTANEOSLY!

4. 4 Heart’s position in thorax In mediastinum – behind sternum and pointing left, lying on the diaphragm It weighs 250-350 gm (about 1 pound) Feel your heart beat at apex (this is of a person lying down)

5. 5

6. 6 CXR (chest x ray) Normal male

7. 7 Chest x rays Normal female Lateral (male)

8. 8 Pericardium (see next slide) Starting from the outside… Without most of pericardial layers

10. Figure 21-18

11. RIGHT VENTRICLE 1 2 3 Capillaries of right lung 3 Capillaries of left lung 4 LEFT ATRIUM 5 LEFT VENTRICLE 6 Aorta 7 Capillaries of Head and arms 8 Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs 9 Superior vena cava 10 Inferior vena cava 11 RIGHT ATRIUM Pulmonary vein Aorta Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery

12. The double pump

13. Chambers of the heart; valves

14. Circulatory System Functions Carry O 2 to cells and CO 2 away from cells Deliver nutrients through body (after absorption in small intestine) Carry liquid wastes away from cells (H 2 O, salt, urea) Help in fighting infections Temperature regulation

15. Figure 21-19

16. 1.Deoxygenated blood arrives at heart from systemic circuit: –passes through right atrium and ventricle –enters pulmonary trunk

17. 2.At the lungs: –CO 2 is removed –O 2 is added

18. 3.Oxygenated blood: –returns to the heart –is distributed to systemic circuit

19. Three circuits Pulmonary –Blood goes from heart to lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide Systemic –Blood pumped out of heart to the rest of the body –Sound of heart (lub/dub) made by valves closing Coronary –Heart muscle itself supplied with oxygen, nutrients, etc.

20. Requirements of gas exchange Moist environment –O 2 and CO 2 must be dissolved to diffuse –Lungs, gills, moist surface (slime) help Surface area--large area allows for more diffusion Cleaned and filtered Warmed

22. Components of Alveolus

25. Movement of air into body Nose--external opening to allow entry –Air is filtered, cleaned, warmed, moistened Enters a series of tubes –Protected by cartilage to keep tubes firm/open –Mucus--traps foreign particles –Cilia-- “sweep” foreign material away from lungs to be swallowed (or spit/coughed)

27. Diffusion of gases O 2 concentration is higher in alveoli than blood: oxygen diffuses into blood –Remember High Conc. -> Low Conc. At body cells O 2 concentration is higher in blood: oxygen diffuses out of blood

30. Oxygen Transport O 2 diffuses from alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries. O 2 -rich blood travels to heart and pumped to the body O 2 diffuses into cells. In tissues O 2 levels are lower triggers Hb to release O 2 In tissues, CO 2 makes blood more acidic and causes Hb to change shape. CO 2 diffuses from cells to blood. Travels to heart in form of Bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 - ) Heart pumps blood to lungs where CO 2 is released in in gaseous form and then expelled.

34. Health of Respiratory System Colds –Caused by virus, Attacks nasal mucous membranes –Causes cells to produce histamine--eyes to tear, more mucus, labored breathing Pneumonia –Caused by virus or bacteria, Inflammation of alveoli –Weak and tired due to less oxygen exchange Bronchitis –Caused by bacteria or virus (cold or flu), Inflammation of bronchi –Cough to clear excess mucus

35. Health of Respiratory system Asthma –May be allergic, or response to stress, exercise, etc. –Narrowed breathing passages (bronchi) –Treated with drugs that relax air passages

36. Smoking Cigarette smoke contains –Cyanide –Cancer-causing tar –Carbon monoxide –Radioactive materials –Nicotine Addictive Increased heart rate and narrowed blood vessels Cancer and smoking –Lung cancer from smoking –Mouth and throat cancers from chewing tobacco Other problems: –Chronic coughing--due to paralyzed/destroyed cilia –Emphysema--Labored breathing due to inelasticity of alveoli

37. Cancer and emphysema