1. Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity California State University San Marcos Kim Jeffrey Sallie Rucker Alyssa Wooten

2. Type 2 Diabetes Statistics  90-95% of all diagnosed cases are type 2 and most often associated with old age, family history of the disease, level of physical activity, and certain ethnicities.  The 7th leading cause of death listed on US death certificates.  Number of people diagnosed in 1958: 1.5 million  Number of people diagnosed in 2007: 17.9 million  Total health care related costs for treatment is $174 billion annually

3. Physiology of Type 2 Diabetes  Type 2 is associated with insulin resistance  When there is not enough insulin or insulin is not used as it should be, glucose cannot get into the cells, causing the cells to not function properly. http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=42940

4. Physiology (continued)  Insulin- key component, necessary in order for the body to convert glucose into energy.  2 problems: cells starve for energy; prolonged high levels of glucose cause damage to kidneys, eyes, heart, nerves. http://diabetes.about.com/od/symptomsdiagnosis/a/obesity.htm?p=1

5. Medical Breakthroughs  Researchers at UBC along with Washington University in St. Louis discovered protein called Carboxypeptidase E (CPE)  CPE is a protein in beta cells of pancreas  Key role in producing insulin, not previously explored as possible cause of insulin failure

6. Medical Breakthroughs (continued)  Researchers used new technology called proteomics  Proteomics shows that fats can reduce levels of CPE  Reduction of CPE causes beta cells to become clogged & causes non-functioning insulin to be produced

7. New Findings  Johns Hopkins Medicine:  Fat cells secrete hormone-like substances in blood stream  3 substances made by fat cells  Resistin, leptin, & free fatty acids  Accumulation of fatty acids in muscle cells of obese may prevent glucose from entering cells - rise in BGL http://www.walgreens.com/marketing/library/graphics/images/en/19267.jpg

8. Prevention  Finnish study- 522 obese men, 55 y/o, IGT  Individual weight loss training, increased physical activity, food intake management  3 yrs, 58% reduction  Similar study done by Diabetes Prevention Program- same results

9. Pharmacological Interventions  3 prevention trials: metformin (31%), accarbose (32%), thiazolidione troglitazone (T.T) (56%)  More research on T.T- possible true prevention action  Best treatment: lifestyle change  Balanced diet  Regular physical activity  Monitor sugar intake  If diagnosed, can still live long life as long as one maintains a healthy lifestyle Conclusion

10. References  American Diabetes Association and National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2002). The prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25(4), 742-749.  Diabetes: type 2 diabetes. (2009). Retrieved October 17, 2009, from http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=42940 http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=42940  Diabetes overview. (2008, November). Retrieved October 14, 2009, from http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/overview/index.htm http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/overview/index.htm  National diabetes education program. (2009). Retrieved October 16, 2009, from http://www.ndep.nih.gov/diabetes-facts/index.aspx  New link between obesity and type 2 diabetes: researchers discover new way fat kill beta-cells. (2008, June 4). Retrieved October 12, 2009, from http://www.physorg.com/print131814266.html http://www.physorg.com/print131814266.html  Type 2 diabetes. (2000, September). Retrieved October 12, 2009, from http://www.diabetes.org/type-2-diabetes.jsp http://www.diabetes.org/type-2-diabetes.jsp  Why obesity contributes to type 2 diabetes. (2009). Retrieved October 13, 2009, from http://www.johnshopkinshealthalerts.com/report/diabetes