1. Water Usage in US

2. Water Usage in US (2)

3. Types of Available Water

4. % of Water Types Used for All Sectors

5. Water Usage by User in US

6. Water Uses in Energy Production
Cooling water for steam turbine condenser (largest user)
Makeup water treatment plant (second largest user; remaining in no particular order)
Boiler makeup water
NOx control for gas turbines
Auxiliary plant cooling water
Makeup water to flue gas desulphurization
Ash handling and disposal
General domestic use

7. Water Used for Cooling Purposes
Open Loop System
Closed Loop System
H20 withdrawn directly from source
Lake/river
Heated H20 returned to source
Thermal pollution
Entrainment problems
Generally only used at coastal facilities
Uses tower to transfer heat to ambient air
Withdrawal <5% of open systems
Overall greater consumption

8. Types of Cooling Systems
Once through with cooling ponds/canals
Freshwater once through
Saline once through
Recirculating systems with cooling ponds/canals
Recirculating systems with forced draft cooling towers
Recirculating systems with induced draft cooling towers
Recirculating systems with natural draft cooling towers
(Yang)

9. Types of Water Used by Thermoelectric Plants
Current Sources
Fresh Groundwater
Surface Freshwater
Surface Saline water
Public Delivery
Sewage
Mixed water sources
(Water Use, Yang)

10. Cooling Water Sources industrial wastewater sewage reservoir
waste water effluent
wells
rivers
cooling pond
ground
water
treatment system
Ocean
aquifer
mill supply
municipal
lakes

11. Treatment of Water
Impurities present in surface/groundwater sources that must be addressed
Total dissolved solids
For many processes, it is unnecessary to reduce except in substantial evaporation losses
Suspended solids/particulate matter
Treatment depends on level of solids present
Can cause silting/fouling problems in cooling towers/circuits
Colloidal species
Can’t be removed by ion exchange technology
Must use membrane separation technology
Dissolved organic matter
Can cause corrosion in turbine cylinders if not treated
Water Treatment for Fossil Fuel Power Generation, Paton

12. Research for new sources … Mine pool water
geological carbon sequestration & coal bed methane produced water
Industrial/municipal wastewater
...and research for water reuse & recovery
reuse power plant cooling water
recover water from plant flue gas
NETL

13. New Sources

14. Water Usage in Hydroelectric Power
Consumptive Uses
Increased sfc. area of reservoir causes faster evaporation
Non-consumptive Uses
Water flowing through turbine
Evaporation = 18gal/kWh consumed by end user
(NREL “Consumptive Water Use for US Power Production”)