1. Live in _______________________ Arboreal: ______________ Five digit hands with a thumb (“____________________”) Nonspecialization: kept all 5 digits…did not specialize into _____, ___________________________ Limb flexibility: arm and hand __________ unique to primates __________________ (great sense of vision) frontal direction, stereoscopic (3-D), color perception (typical for animals that _______) Upright posture: ____________________ Chapter 14-15-16 Blue Book (“Sitter”)

3. Lemurs: size of a ______, __________, found in ________________ only, long furry tail, feed on ___________________, live in structured groups Lorises: _______, slow moving, hunt ______, no tail, eyes ________________ ________ mill years. Smaller, _______, _________, “furry”

4. ______ mill years. Larger than prosimians, prominent skulls, more ______________, full color 3-D vision, _______ nose Howler Monkey: ____________, diurnal, rain forest habitat, feed mainly on leaves. ______________ tails (“grasping” appendage). Loudest calls among primates (i.e. the name!!)…consequently, very low ______________ encounters. Squirrel Monkey: smaller, __________, white face, dark eyes, long ________________ tails used for balance, abundant food in leaves, fruits, flowers, and even insects…consequently – widespread _____________

5. ___________ group of primates, African in origin. Guenons : (Blue Monkey) Small (_______lbs), arboreal, omnivores, live in troops of about ____ with one ___________ male. Larger sexual __________________(physical difference btw sexes) due to competition among mating males Non-dominant males live __________ and will mate with wandering females of a troop. Large variation in __________ patterns Baboons : Largest monkey species (_______lbs). adapted for walking on the ___________ (non-arboreal) using _____ limbs. Classic ______________ difference btw male and female. Large muscles, long tail, large teeth and jaws…used only for _______________ “display”. Will actually stand and defend against predators!! Complex social organization…both male (“_______”) and female have rank. Males leave the troops around age 4, females stay (prevents __________) Highly successful _________ species. Hairless “_________________” on their butts…bare callous to sit

6. Apes: larger _________, no tail, Evolved from Old World Monkeys about _____ million years ago. Gibbons: 3 feet tall. Strictly _________, mostly herbivorous. Walk upright (_______________), but mostly move by _________________ (“swinging). Can leap ____ feet and brachiate at _____mph (fastest of all primates!!) Thumbs are small are useless. Hands are used like _________ for swinging quickly ________________ couples live with offspring (like human!!). Leaves the family after 6-8 years. Very _________ sexual dimorphism, due to low _____________________ among males Non-confrontational, and due to their speed, are rarely preyed upon.

7. A.Orangutans first of the Great Apes to evolve (___ million years) ____________ tree dwelling animal (arboreal) in the world (______lbs) Shy solitary animal, difficult to study naturally. Male and female socialize only to mate. Diet limited to hard to find fruits…better to be on you own! Can grasp with their _______

8. B.Gorillas only discovered in _____ century by European scientists Contrary to myth, gorillas are the _____ and _________ of all primates …in spite of _________ lbs body standing over 6 feet tall!! Live in small family groups of about _________. One large dominant silver- back male leads the troop. Females move out after maturity (no inbreeding) Herbivorous – eats ________lbs of vegetation per day!! Cannot grasp with their feet….usually walk on all fours…NON-arboreal. Chest pounding may indicate ___________, ______________, ________, ______________, or ______________________. Yawning is a _________________ gesture No “rump pad” (ischial callosites) – need to sleep in ___________________ Threat display: (usually accompanied with loud screams and roars) 1. __________ Charge: charge past adversary 2. __________ Charge: charge and stop short 3. ___________ Charge: runs directly into adversary Dian Fossey: Gorilla in the Mist (1998)

9. c.Chimpanzee share over _______ of human genes…share common ancestor. Jane Goodall, Gombe, Tanzania (1960)…witnessed __________________ and _______________ _________ lbs. Only ______________ left in the wild. Usually NON-arboreal UNLIKE baboons, ________ stay with the group while ________ migrate. Huge array of facial expressions and vocalizations (________________) Males hunt monkeys in groups, each with a specific _____ (driver, blockers, chasers, ambushers) Chimps at war: they may seek out and kill members of a different community…not eaten for food. Only primate (other than human) to commit “___________”. Suggested that it’s for territorial expansion…war???

10. D. Bonobos used to be called _________ chimps, but they’re not much smaller than chimps slimmer _____, narrower __________, longer ____, smaller ________ Inhabit different areas in the wild, so they don’t _______ with chimps. enjoy ________ (unlike chimps)…also have small webbing between toes! walk _______________ more easily than chimps Society dominated by _________________ (unlike chimps!) Like humans, bonobos are ________________ active all the time Love, Not War: ___________ is used to maintain harmony within the group! Sex is used to avoid aggression, reconcile, or relieve tension (even between _____________________ bonobos

11. Criteria traditionally used to show the evolution of human intelligence. However, it no longer is used to determine intelligence because it is NOT linked with the ______________ or ________________ of the Central NS. It’s an ___________ mechanism for animals to get food rather than changing their physical ________________. We change our _____________ rather than our ____________ (generalization rather than specialization)

12. Use of a stone to crack open a nutUse of a stick to access a termite mound

13. _________________ learning occurs primarily in primates, but otherwise is actually quite _________ in the animal kingdom (although does occur in a few others, such as some mammals and birds. It is an ____________, _________, and __________ way to function within your environment. The passing on of behaviors through generations may result in __________________. For most animals, it is ____________ (you’re born with it). These instinctive responses protect animals from _______________. Lots of research still being done on this!! ________ versus ______.

14. Important Early Childhood Experiences: Contact Comfort; touch, warmth, protective security Peer Relations; social isolation led to ____________________, sexual _________, rejection by others…also, rocking, swaying, self- mutilation…never learned to __________________ in a very social society. Mother Deprivation; ____________ ____________ would sit on the infant, throw it against the wall, or try to ____ it * Harry Harlow’s work

15. Mother deprivation continued Infants who were raised by __________ then separated from them became ___________________ _______________________. (Anaclitic depression) Normal development was ________ down on all levels. How many of these findings can we generalize to humans?

16. Play; may be ________, ___________, or ____________. Costs; use ______, risk ____ Benefits must outweigh costs…healthy development of the ________ and ______________________. (Greater stimulation led to larger _______ with more ________.) Practice movements needed for ______________…deer vs. mountain lion playing. Explore in safety. Practice _______ behaviors. Stimulates the development of the nervous system and __________ abilities. And maybe just for ______!