2. Urban Water Extraction Groundwater Decreased infiltration Surface water Water rights Distribution Treatment Filtering Biological agents Sludge disposal Reuse Use of grey water

3. Drought Lack of significant rainfall Due to less precipitation Years Impacts Crops and livestock Groundwater Increased desertification Economy Locations Sahara Australia U.S. (2012, 1920s, 1988)

4. Fire Triangles Fuel – Heat – Oxygen Fire Behavior Topography Weather Fuels

5. Fire Types Crown Surface Ground Spotting Backfire Blow-up Firestorm Prescribed Natural Human- caused

6. Fire Suppression Firelines Backfires Water drop Fire retardants Colored dye Chemicals Clay

7. Firefighting Jobs Mostly seasonal Engine crew Helicopters Transportation Drop water or retardant Mapping technology Hotshots Handcrews Smokejumpers Airplanes Fire lookout Support personnel

8. Yellowstone Fire Management History Early humans European expeditions 1870s – save the forests Suppress all fires Leopold report (1972) Natural fire management Two zones Changed after 1988 fires Education Defensible space

9. 1. What are some of the factors that contributed to high fire danger in Yellowstone during 1988? 2. Name some reasons why the lodgepole pine “needs” fire. 3. Since the lodgepole pine is the major tree type found in Yellowstone, could you argue that fire is a natural part of the ecosystem? Why or why not? 4. How would Yellowstone Park be different with or without fire? 5. Was Yellowstone Park ruined by fire? Why or why not? 6. What does Yellowstone Park look like when those articles were written?

10. Daily Review #5 19. Describe how the U.S.’s fire management plan has changed over the centuries. 20. Define drought, crown fire, prescribed burn, ground fire and back fire. 21. How do humans make drought conditions worse? 22. If you did/do live in a forested area, what would you do to protect your home from wildfires? End

11. Bark Beetles Several different species Mountain pine beetle Douglas-fir beetle Native Life cycle 1 year Larvae feed over the winter Use glycerol

12. Types of trees Large diameter damaged trees Infestations = all types Signs Pitch tubes Boring dust Woodpeckers Yellow to red foliage Bluestain wood

13. Control Limited effect Woodpeckers Cold temperatures Bark removal No chemicals Burning or burying Prevention Chemicals Pheromones Healthy forests Limit infected products

14. Average Fire Year 24 lightning caused fires 83% burn less than 1.2 acres 94% burn less than 100 acres Detected at 3:03 pm

15. 1988 Fire Statistics 9 human caused 42 lighting caused 36% of park effected 63% of burned area due to fires started outside park 300 large mammals died $120 million spent fighting 25,000 people involved

16. Creating the “Perfect” Conditions Wet spring Lush understory Rain stopped Lowered moisture content High winds

17. You are interviewing to be the manager of the Lotsatrees National Forest. As part of your interview, the interview committee has asked you to put together a plan to manage this forest. Your plan needs to have 2 parts. 1. A plan to manage the forest on a daily basis (non-fire) conditions. 2. A plan to manage the forest once a fire has broken out. Assume the fire started to the south and wind is pushing it into your district. Each part of this plan must have 3 different components. Give a creative presentation to sell your plan and get hired.

18. Based on the plans you heard, select the best plan (you may select your own). In a paragraph, describe which plan you selected and defend why it is the best plan for the Lotsatrees National Forest.