2.  Open-source software ( OSS ) is computer software that is available in source code form: the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, improve and at times also to distribute the software.computer softwaresource codecopyrightsoftware license

3.  1985 ~ Free Software Foundation published the GNU manifesto by Richard Mathew Stallman  1989 ~ Stallman released the first program independent GNU General Public License known as GPL or copyleft  1990 ~ Linus Torvalds write his own kernel and released it under GPL

4.  OSS Websites  OSS Repository - on disk e.g DVD - online e.g Yast  Mailing List  Forum

5.  documents that outline agreed-upon conventions to enable different programs to work together, along with some means to ensure that they actually do a process or set of tests. With open standards, your company can pick and choose among competing vendors and not be locked in to any one of them.

6.  Availability Open Standards are available for all to read and implement.  Maximize End-User Choice Open Standards create a fair, competitive market for implementations of the standard. They do not lock the customer in to a particular vendor or group.  No Royalty Open Standards are free for all to implement, with no royalty or fee. Certification of compliance by the standards organization may involve a fee.  No Discrimination Open Standards and the organizations that administer them do not favor one implementor over another for any reason other than the technical standards compliance of a vendor's implementation. Certification organizations must provide a path for low and zero-cost implementations to be validated, but may also provide enhanced certification services.  Extension or Subset Implementations of Open Standards may be extended, or offered in subset form. However, certification organizations may decline to certify subset implementations, and may place requirements upon extensions  Predatory Practices Open Standards may employ license terms that protect against subversion of the standard by embrace-and-extend tactics. The licenses attached to the standard may require the publication of reference information for extensions, and a license for all others to create, distribute, and sell software that is compatible with the extensions. An Open Standard may not othewise prohibit extensions.

7.  BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution License) The only restrictions placed on users of software released under a typical BSD license are that if they redistribute such software in any form, with or without modification, they must include in the redistribution (1) the original copyright notice, (2) a list of two simple restrictions and (3) a disclaimer of liability. These restrictions can be summarized as (1) one should not claim that they wrote the software if they did not write it and (2) one should not sue the developer if the software does not function as expected or as desired.  LPGL (Lesser General Public License) The license that accompanies some open source software that details how the software and its accompany source code can be freely copied, distributed and modifiedlicenseopen sourcesoftware  MIT license The MIT license permits reuse within proprietary software on the condition that the license is distributed with that software.  MPL (Mozilla Public License) explicitly grants patent rights where necessary to operate the software; keeps the covered code itself open source; allows extensions of the code to be licensed in non-open ways.

8.  PRESENTATION Open Office Impress Calligra Stage (previously KPresenter)  DATABASE PostgreSQL MySQL  EMAIL SquirrelMail Mailman  GRAPHICS GIMP MyPaint  ANIMATION K-3D Blender