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Technology, Innovation, ICT and Economic Performance April, 2001 Risaburo NEZU, Director Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
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1 Average real GDP growth rate, % Source: OECD
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2 Average real GDP growth rate, % Source: OECD
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3 Trend growth in GDP per capita, Average annual % change Note 1)Total Norway. 2)1990-98. 3)West Germany for 1980-90; Total Germany for 1991-99 Source: OECD
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4 Labour utilisation and trend growth in GDP per capita Average annual % change, 1990-1999 Source: OECD
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5 Convergence and divergence of GDP per capita in the OECD area
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6 73 76 79 83 87 91 95 99 70 80 90 100 110 120 70 80 90 100 110 120 Actual 1973 to 1995 trend growth of 1.4 percent per year 1995 to 1999 trend growth of 2.9 percent per year US Productivity in Nonfarm Business Sector Index 1992 = 100 Source: USDOC
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7 US productivity growth during expansions Source: USDOC 1961-691982-901991-99 0 1 2 3 4 5 Expansions 0 1 2 3 4 5 First 2 years Years 3 & 4 Years 5 & 6 Years 7 & above 2000
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8 Business fixed capital formation(current)/GDP(current) Source: OECD
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9 ICT capital and GDP growth Source: OECD
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10 Growth effect of ICT Source: OECD
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11 The price of ICT investment Source: OECD
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12 Breakdown of labour productivity growth Source: OECD Left: 1989-95, Right: 1995-99
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13 Labour productivity contributions by selected service industries,% point (a) Wholesale and retail trade; repairs (b) Finance, insurance, real estate and business services Source: OECD
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14 Pick-up in MFP growth and increase in ICT use Note: Change in multi-factor productivity growth corrected for hours worked, average 1990s minus average 1980s. Source: OECD
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15 Pick-up in MFP growth and Internet access costs Note: Change in multi-factor productivity growth corrected for hours worked, average 1990s minus average 1980s. Source: OECD
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16 Internet access basket for 20 hours at peak times using discounted PSTN rates, September 2000, Including VAT Source: OECD
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17 National long-distance market shares of new operators (share of switched minutes) Source: OECD
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18 International market shares of new market entrants (share of minutes of international traffic) Source: OECD
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19 Status of Wireless Liberalisation Source: OECD
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20 The impact of liberalisation on bandwidth prices Source: OECD
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21 Network expansion and GDP growth Source: OECD United States United Kingdom Turkey Switzerland Sweden Portugal Poland Norway New Zealand Netherlands Mexico Luxembourg Korea Japan Italy Ireland Iceland Hungary Greece Germany France Finland Denmark Czech Republic Canada Austria Belgium Australia Spain 10 15 20 25 30 0123456789 Actual GDP per capita growth in the OECD area, 1995-1999 Network expansion (fixed network, cellular mobile, Internet hosts weighted by usage) CAGR%, 1995-1999
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22 Local market shares by competitive new entrants (share of access lines) Source: OECD
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23 Notes: The average of index (1990 = 0) in each country weighted by the number of mainlines. Calculation is based on PPPs expressed in USD. Luxembourg and New Zealand are not included. Source: OECD OECD tariff rebalancing by distance
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24 Access costs and uptake of the Internet Source: OECD Average Date of Initial PSTN Liberalisation*, Pricing and Hosts Price Hosts US$ 0 - 40 : 1992 60-180: 1993 US$ 40 -60 : 1995 40-60: 1996 US$ 60-80 : 1998 20-40: 1996 US$ 80 - 100: 1999 0-20: 2000 * the average is calculated using the expected date of liberalisation for monopolies.
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25 The cost of leased lines in the OECD, August 2000 Charges for a basket of national leased lines of 2 Megabits per second Source: OECD
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26 Internet hosts per 1000 inhabitants in G7 countries Source: OECD
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27 Online Time and Pricing Hours spent online (average per month) Source: OECD
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28 Rapid development of electronic commerce by unmetered access (Unmetered: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, U.S.) Source:OECD and Netcraft (www.netcraft.com)
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29 Investment in telecommunications and roads in US Source: OECD
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30 Investment in telecommunication and roads in Japan Source: OECD
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31 Public telecommunication investment (USD million) Source: OECD
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32 Source: OECD Cable modem lines and DSL lines per 100 Inhabitants
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33 Packaged software and information technology services share of GDP: 1999 Source: OECD
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34 Growth in software employment in the business sector 1990-99 Source: OECD
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35 US H-1 Visa issued by country of origin (1989-99) Source: Lowell
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36 Rates of turnover of IT workers by age group in the US, 1995-97 Expected duration with first employer by year of graduation Computer science and engineering graduates in the US Source: NRCSource: McKinsey
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37 R&D Expenditures (1999) PTOs and telecommunications equipment manufacturers US$ million% Source: OECD
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38 R&D/Sales in large information technology companies in US Source: National Research Council
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39 Number of patents in US and Japan Source: OECD
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40 Science linkage in selected countries Measured by average number of scientific papers in US patents Source: CHI Research
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42 Destination of the government R&D funds by sector of performance, 1999 or nearest year available Source: OECD As % of total public R&D funding
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43 Business R&D financed by government % of GDP, 1999 Source: OECD
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44 1980 Source: OECD
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45 Intermediary business for the intellectual property rights transfer Source: MITI, Patent Office
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46 The entrepreneurial route Rate of spin-offs formation in the 1990s Yearly average number of spin-offs from public research per billion $ of publicly-funded R&D Source: OECD 051015 United States France Canada Belgium Australia Japan(?)
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47 (Note2) 1971 – August, 1998 (publication year) Japanese applicants’ patent published by JPO (Note1) 1971 – 1998 (grant year) U.S. applicants’ patent granted by USPTO The share of Genetic engineering patent filed by US applicant in US The share of Genetic engineering patent filed by Japanese applicant in Japan Biotechnology Patent in US and Japan Source: Japanese Patent Office
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48 GDP growth and comparable start-up rates GDP Growth, 1989-99 Source: OECD
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49 The level of entrepreneurial activity across OECD countries Source: OECD
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50 Source: EVCA, various Yearbooks, NVCA, various Annual Reports, Canadian Venture Capital Association (CVCA), Asian Venture Capital Journal, The 2000 Guide to Venture Capital in Asia. Venture capital investment in early stages and expansion “country of management” approach, % of GDP
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51 Source: OECD Regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship, 1998
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52 Barriers to entrepreneurship and venture capital activity 1995-98 Notes: Excluding “license and permit systems”, “sector specific administrative burdens” (for road freight and retail distribution), and “antitrust exemptions” (for public enterprises). Source: OECD
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53 Link between changes in multi-factor productivity (MFP) growth and administrative barriers to start-ups Note 1. Change in multi-factor productivity growth corrected for hours worked, average 1990s minus average 1980s. Note 2. The scale of indicators is 0 ‑ 6, from least to most restrictive. Based on the situation in or around 1998. Source: OECD
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54 Private venture capital investment by stage and sector Note: 1) Data refer to 1995-98 Source: OECD
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55 “New” equity markets in the OECD countries Source: OECD
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56 Market capitalisation of shares of domestic companies (main and parallel markets) (% GDP) Source: International Federation of Stock Exchanges (FIBV)
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57 Stock options as a % of CEO base pay, 2000 (and their change from 1996) Source: Tower Perrin % of base pay
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58 Share of market income in different income groups (Change in market income share, mid 1980s to mid 1990s) Note: Data for Greece, Hungary, Mexico and Turkey refer to market incomes net of taxes, and therefore not comparable with the results from the other countries Source: OECD
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59 Source: OECD Income is an important determinant of access Internet access by household income
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