1. Principles of Pharmacology
Chapter 30
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2. Chapter 30 Lesson 30.1
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3. Learning Objectives Pronounce, define, and spell the Key Terms.
Differentiate a drug’s chemical, generic, and brand or trade name.
Define the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and explain why drugs are categorized in five schedules of the Controlled Substance Act.
List each part of a prescription.
Describe the use of drug reference materials.
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4. Introduction
Pharmacology is the science of researching and developing drugs and studying their uses.
What is the definition of “drug”?
What is an ethical drug?
Who recognizes and defines all of the drugs in the United States?
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5. Overview of Drugs Drug derivatives Identifying drugs
Organic: drugs derived from living organisms such as plants or animals
Inorganic: drugs synthesized in the laboratory
Identifying drugs
Chemical name: drug’s chemical formula
Generic name: name that any business firm may use
Brand or trade name: registered trademark
Where do most drugs come from today?
What is the chemical name for aspirin? (Acetylsalicylic acid.)
What is the generic name for aspirin? (Aspirin.)
What are some brand names for aspirin? (Bayer, St. Joseph’s.)
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6. Dispensing of Drugs Drugs are classified in two categories:
Patent medicines (over-the-counter)
Drugs that can be obtained without a prescription
Prescription drugs
Also referred to as “ethical drugs”
Supplied by a pharmacist who has received a prescription
Who is allowed to write prescriptions in the dental office?
Give an example of an OTC and a prescription drug to treat the same illness (such as sore throat, allergy, pain).
Why is the term “ethical” used for drugs that need a prescription?
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7. The Prescription
Written order by a physician or dentist for the preparation and administration of a medicine by the pharmacist
Prescription terminology
Superscription: patient name, address, date, Rx
Inscription: name and quantity of the drug
Subscription: directions for mixing the drug
Signature: instructions to the patient on how to take the drug
What part of the prescription includes the name and quantity of the drug?
What part of the prescription includes the instructions for the patient on how to take the drug?
What part of the prescription includes the directions for mixing the drug?
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8. Fig. 30-1 Example of a prescription pad
Fig Example of a prescription pad. (Courtesy of Colwell, a division of Patterson Companies, Inc, )
Can a dental assistant prescribe medication to a patient?
What is the role of the dental assistant with regard to prescriptions?
What does it mean to dispense “50”?
What does “prn” mean for the patient as it relates to pain?
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9. Table 30-1 Common Prescription Abbreviations
What does the abbreviation “b.i.d.” stand for? How does that compare with “t.i.d.” or “q.i.d.”?
How is a drug prescription documented in the dental office?
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10. Drug-Reference Materials
Physicians’ Desk Reference
Also referred to as the “PDR”
Updated source of information supplied by drug companies about their products
Available as a bound text or a CD-ROM
Package inserts
Information sheet describing a drug for the patient
Side effects
Adverse and long-term effects
Precautions
Contraindications
Dosage and route
Have you ever looked through the PDR?
Do you look at the package insert before using a drug?
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11. Chapter 30 Lesson 30.2
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12. Learning Objectives
Cite the factors in determining the dosage of a drug.
Describe how mediations are administered.
Describe the stages a drug goes through in the body.
Define the DEA and explain why drugs are categorized in five schedules of the Controlled Substance Act.
Describe the classification of prescription drugs and their effects.
Describe the effects of drug use.
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13. Drug Dosage Dosage is the amount of a drug that a patient takes.
Specific factors in determining the dosage are:
Age
Weight
Time of day at which the drug is taken
Drug form
Patient tolerance of the drug
Other drugs the patient is taking
What are the guidelines with respect to the telephone interaction of a dental assistant with a pharmacy?
What should a dental assistant do when a pharmacist calls?
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14. Fig. 30-2 Routes of drug administration
Fig Routes of drug administration. (From Young A, Procter D: Kinn’s the medical assistant: an applied learning approach, ed 9, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders; Chester GA: Modern medical assisting, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders; and Daniel SJ, Harfst SA: Mosby’s dental hygiene: concepts, cases, and competencies, 2004 update, St Louis, Mosby 2004)
A, Oral route.
B, Topical route.
What are three of the five ways in which drugs are administered?
Oral route (in the form of pills, tablets, capsules, or liquids).
Topical route (applied to the mucosa or skin).
Transdermal route (applied with the use of a patch that continuously releases a controlled quantity of a medication through the skin).
(Cont’d)
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15. Fig. 30-2 Routes of drug administration
Fig Routes of drug administration. (From Young A, Procter D: Kinn’s the medical assistant: an applied learning approach, ed 9, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders; Chester GA: Modern medical assisting, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders; and Daniel SJ, Harfst SA: Mosby’s dental hygiene: concepts, cases, and competencies, 2004 update, St Louis, 2004, Mosby 2004.)
(Cont’d)
C, Transdermal route.
D, Inhalation route.
(Cont’d)
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16. Fig. 30-2 Routes of drug administration
Fig Routes of drug administration. (From Young A, Procter D: Kinn’s the medical assistant: an applied learning approach, ed 9, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders; Chester GA: Modern medical assisting, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders; and Daniel SJ, Harfst SA: Mosby’s dental hygiene: concepts, cases, and competencies, 2004 update, St Louis, Mosby 2004)
(Cont’d)
F, Injection route.
E, Transdermal route.
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17. Table 30-2 Stages of Drug Action in the Body
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18. Controlled Substances Act
DEA
Scheduled drugs:
Schedule I: no current accepted medical usefulness and a high potential for abuse
Schedule II: high potential for abuse but accepted medical usefulness as well
Schedule III: less abuse potential and accepted medical uses
Schedule IV: low abuse potential and accepted medical uses.
Schedule V: not required to be prescribed
What is a DEA identification number?
Give examples of a Schedule I drug.
Give examples of a Schedule II drug.
Give examples of a Schedule IV drug.
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19. Classification of Drugs
Why do I need to know different drug classifications?
Helpful when reviewing a patient’s drug history
Gives knowledge of patients requiring premedication
Useful in dental procedures requiring different types of pain control
Assistance in a medical emergency
What can the dental assistant do if a patient does not know what drugs he or she is taking?
What type of drug slows the clotting of blood?
Why would a dentist prescribe an antibiotic?
How would an antianxiety drug be used in a dental setting?
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20. Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Antibiotics are prescribed to an uninfected patient to prevent bacterial colonization.
The most common application is the prevention of infective endocarditis.
Bacteria are abundant in the oral cavity.
The antibiotic decreases the bacterial colonization or adherence.
What is infective endocarditis, and who is at risk for it?
What is the main bacteria involved in infective endocarditis?
How can dental-office prevent endocarditis in patients who are at risk?
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21. Antibiotic Prophylaxis Recommendations
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22. Table 30-3 Recommended Doses and Regimens for Common Antibiotics
What are the three drugs used for antibiotic prophylaxis?
Why do patients need to take another drug besides amoxicillin if they are allergic to penicillin as an antibiotic premedication?
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23. Adverse Drug Effects Side effects Allergic reactions Anaphylaxis
Body’s reaction to a drug
Allergic reactions
Increased sensitivity to a substance
Anaphylaxis
Sudden onset of an allergic reaction to a drug
Drug tolerance
Loss of effectiveness of a drug
Drug addiction
Physical dependence on a certain drug
What does it mean for a drug to have adverse effects?
What is the drug that most commonly causes anaphylaxic reactions? (Penicillin.)
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24. Common Side Effects of Medications
How can these side effects alter dental treatment? Can they increase the risk of an emergency situation?
Should a dental assistant evaluate a patient’s reaction to a drug?
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